Botany Lecture History

Biology

natural science of life and living organisms

hierarchy of living things

tissues>organ>organ system>organism

cells

basic unit of life

evolution

caused the production of new species and inherited traits

genes

basic unit of hereditary

regulates

what organisms do to maintain a stable and constant condition

energy

what living organisms transform and consume

botany

a division of biology that studies plant or vegetable kingdom

botane

greek word that means pasture, grass or fodder

zoology

studies the animal kingdom

biochemistry

examines rudimentary chemistry of life

physiology

studies the physical and chemical functions of tissues, organs and organ system of an organism

ecology

interaction between organisms and the environment

bacteria

a type of unicellular cell

human cell

a type of multicellular cell

rhizotomoi

root collectors who gathered medicinal herbs for the vendors

pharmacopolai

drug vendors who sell medicinal herbs from rhizotomois

Theophrastus the Eresus

wrote 10 books on the “History of Plants”

History of Plants

describes 500 species of plants with their curative properties

Pedanios Dioscorides

founder of pharmacy

De Materia Medica

written by Pedanios Dioscorides

Pliny the Elder

wrote Historia Naturalis

Historia Naturalis

written by Pliny the Elder which consists of 1000 medicinal plants

Galen

coined the word “cosmetics”

Galenicals

describes preparations of plant & animal drugs

Valerius Cordus

wrote a pharmacopeia “Novum Dispensatorium”

Cesalpino

wrote the “Species Plantorium”

Species Plantorium

described the binomial system, the key of scientific names only having 2 words

Genus

the generic name in the scientific name

first word

Species

the specific epithet of the scientific name

2nd word

Plant Morphology

department of botany the describes the parts or structure of plants

Macromorphology

external characters of plants and their organs as a whole

under the morphology

Micromorphology / Histology

microscopic structure of plants and its tissues

under the Morphology department of Botany

Plant Cytology

studies plant cells and their contents

under the department of morphology

Plant Embryology

a department of botany that studies the progress, growth or development of an organism

change through time

Plant Physiology

a department of botany that studies life processes and plants’ functions

Taxonomy / Systematic Botany

a department of botany that classifies and arranges plant in groups

Genetics

a department of botany that studies the new beings or races

ex. GMOs

Ecology

a department of botany that deals with the relationship of an organism and the environment

Phytopathology / Plant Pathology

a department of botany that studies the diseases of plants

Phytogeography

a department or botany that studies a plant’s distribution upon the Earth

habit

the appearance of the plant in general

habitat

where a plant grow as its environment

pandemic

a world-wide

endemic

to certain areas

Phytopaleontology / Geologic Botany

a department of botany that studies fossil remains of historical plants

Mycology

a department of botany that studies fungi

Bryology

a department of botany that studies mosses and liverworts

Algology

a department of botany that studies algae

Algae

can be an indicator of a plant’s virginity

Pharmaceutical Botany

under Economic / Applied Botany that studies drug, spice, etc.

Pharmacognosy

under Economic / Applied Botany that deals with history, commerce and prevention of crude drugs

Agronomy

under Economic / Applied Botany that deals with crop or agricultural plants

Horticulture

under Economic / Applied Botany that studies plant, garden or orchard cultivation

Forestry

under Economic / Applied Botany that manages forests and/or timber plants

Plant Breeding

under Economic / Applied Botany that deals with growing or improving races of plants

To Study Pharmaceutical Botany

• morphology, taxonomy, physiology and medicinal application

Botany

focuses plants

Key Concepts Botany

photosynthesis, reproduction, taxonomy

Key Concepts Zoology

evolution, anatomy, behavior

Key Concepts Biochemistry

molecules, metabolism, cell chemistry

Key Concepts Physiology

homeostasis, organ function

Key Concepts Ecology

ecosystem, biodiversity, energy flow

Zoology

focuses in animals

Biochemistry

focuses on the chemistry of life

Physiology

focuses on the body systems and their functions

Ecology

focuses in organisms and their environment interactions

Branch of Botany

oldest branch of science

Ancient Egypt

where papyrus originated

China

where traditional chinese medicine originated

India

where Ayurveda originated

Egypt, China, India

countries where herbs are used for healing and religious purposes

Avicema

a scholar who compiled extensive pharmacopoeia based on plant-derived medicines

Charles Darwin

first to formulate a scientific argument for the theory of evolution

overproduction

a natural section in action where more individuals are born than the environment can support

Variation

a natural selection in action where individuals differ in traits eg. size, color, speed, etc

Differential Survival

a natural selection in action where some traits offer advantages for survival and reproduction

Inheritance

a selection in action where advantageous traits are passed down to offspring

Natural Selection

only known cause of adaptation but not of evolution

Cosmic Processes - The Origin of the Elements of Life

formation of elements essential to life

universe began 15 billion yrs ago when H and He were formed

Planetary Processes - creating a habitable environment

formation of Earth, atmosphere, oceans and geologic system

4.5 billion yrs ago; sugar, amino acid, nucleotides

Biological Processes - The Emergence of Evolution of Life

origin of life, evolution and diversification of living organisms

involved the biochem evolution of single celled organisms

Plant Taxonomy and Systematics

a field of botany that studies classification, naming and identification of plangs

Plant Anatomy

a field of botany that studies internal structure (cells, tissues, organs)

Plant Physiology

a field of botany that studies functions and processes such as photosynthesis, respiration and growth

Photochemistry

a field of botany that studies chemical compounds in plants (alkaloids, flavoroids, terpenes, etc)

Ethnobotany

a field of botany that studies how different cultures use plants for medicines

Pharmacognosy

specialized field of botany that studies medicinal drugs obtained from plants and other natural sources

Morphine

from Papaver somniferum (opium poppy)

is addictive

Quinnine

anti-mallarian drug

from cinchona bark

Vineristine & Vinblastine

from Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle)

anti cancer plant

Digoxin

from Digitalis purpurea (foxglove)

325mg prescribed amount to take bcs its window for toxicity is high

Akapulko / Ringworm bush

Cassia Alata

Antifungal – used to treat skin infections such as ringworm, scabies, and eczema.

Ampalaya

(Momordica charantia)

For diabetes – helps lower blood sugar levels. Also used for cough, burns, and wounds.

Bawang / Garlic

Allum satiyum Lowers cholesterol and blood pressure; also used as an antiseptic and antibacterial.

Bayabas

Psidium guajava Antiseptic – for wound cleaning and diarrhea. Also used as mouthwash for oral health.

Lagundi / five-leaf chaste tree

Vitex negunda

For cough, colds, asthma, and fever. It helps relieve respiratory symptoms.

Niyog-niyogan / Chinese honeysuckle

Quisqualis indica

Anti-helminthic – used to expel intestinal worms.

Sambong

Blumea balsamifera

Diuretic – helps treat kidney stones and urinary tract infections. Also used for hypertension.

Tsaang Gubat / Wild tea

Ehretia microphylla

Antidiarrheal – also used as mouthwash and for stomach pain