Anatomy Physiology Exam 1

Lack of bone density due to smoking at age 20 has to get implants (mom)

The human body is a complex system. The structures in the body work in concert to maintain…

homeostasis(invol.)

Homeostasis

a balance in the body’s internal environment

Living organisms respond to

stimuli

only voluntary and outward visible manifestation of is skeletal muscle, BUT…

reflexes and shivering are the two exceptions which are involuntary

Anatomy

scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure, such as the size and shape of a bone

Physiology

scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things

5 physiologically relevant ions

Sodium (nitron)

Potassium (kalium)

Magnesium

Calcium

Chloride

Gross

structures examined without a microscope

Regional

studied area by area

Systemic

studied system by system, entire organism affected by something

Surface

external form used to visualize deeper structures

Cytology

cell

cellular anatomy

Histology

study of tissue

His dad had an aversion, in the sclera of the eye, turned greenish/yellowish hue, tumor size of grapefruit on the tumor

found pre-cancerous polyp and takes a biopsy of it and sends to pathologist, burned it off

X-ray

electromagnetic radiation moves through body and is exposed on photographic plate; creates radiograph

flat, two-dimensional image

Structures that are dense (such as bone)

will appear white, air will be black, and

other structures will be shades of gray

Ultrasound (Exam 1)

sound waves pass into body and bounce back to receiver; visualized as a sonogram.

Computed Tomography (CT – Exam 1)

Coronary Artery Calcium score—>Nuclear Stress Test: computer-analyzed x-ray

had a CT scan to check his liver, and had CAC (coronary artery Calcium) score too high, had a cardiogram, and had to find where calcium deposits are to prevent heart attacks, did a nuclear stress test, wanted his heart rate to raise, gave him epinephrine, and had a ultrasound

Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA):

similar to a CT scan but uses a radiopaque dye to enhance differences in areas.

Magnetic Resonance Imagine (MRI)

radio waves directed to patient while under electromagnetic field; radio waves collected and analyzed by computer.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET):

radioactively labeled glucose usage by a tissue is detected; provides info on metabolic state.

X-ray also known as

radiograph

Ultrasound

to identify gender between weeks 16 and 22 of pregnancy.

uses high-frequency sound waves, which strike internal organs and bounce back to the receiver on the skin. Among other medical applications, ultrasound is commonly used to evaluate the condition of the fetus during pregnancy

Extracorporeal

(situated or occurring outside the body!!) shock-wave

lithotripsy (ESWL)

ultrasound waves are used to break the kidney stone into smaller pieces, which can pass out with the urine.

RN= Ultrasound is used for many reasons, including to

View the uterus and ovaries during pregnancy and monitor the developing baby's health. Diagnose gallbladder disease.

Evaluate blood flow.

Guide a needle for biopsy or tumor treatment. Examine a breast lump.

Check the thyroid gland.

Find genital and prostate problems

Thrombosis means

clot

A thrombosed vein means

affected by a blood clot

Great Saphenous Vein

the longest vein in the human body and it runs from the top of the foot to the upper thigh and groin area

Are clots always bad

no, but watch for long-term when clot is big so it doesn’t break free

Computed Tomagrophy (CT Scan)

cross sectional

Computed Axial Scan

CAT Scan

CT Scanners use

rotating X-ray tube and a row od detectors placed in a gantry to measure X-ray attenuations

used for patients with metallic implants or pacemakers

I just had a CT scan in November of 2024 for a cardiology appointment. The CT scan was used to look at the amount a calcium around my hear (indicator of plaque formations in vessels).

Specifically, I had a CAC test/ “Coronary Artery Calcium” test/score as part of the CT scan! And NOW I must have a Nuclear Stress Test to see IF there are any plaques associated with my coronary vessels!

adrenaline vs epinephrine

adrenaline(latin)

epinephrine(greek)

both upon the kidney

the brain uses—-of blood and glucose

20-30%

blood cells don’t have mitochondria therefore

they use glycolysis to make 4 ATP and use NET 2

Digital Subtraction angiography

is one step beyond CT scanning. A radiopaque dye is injected into the blood, which allows for enhanced differences when compared to a noninjected scan.

Ischemia=

no oxygen

blood and oxygen flow is down

Angiography

2 types

x-ray used to check blood vessels

angiograms

x-ray images created during angiography

hypoglycemia

low blood sugar

brain and RBCs are in”trouble”

4 hormones that alleviate low blood sugar

epinephrine

cortisol

glucagon

growth hormone

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

directs radio waves at a person lying inside a large electromagnetic field. An MRI is more effective at detecting some forms of cancer than a CT scan.

Positron Emission Tomography

emery first place to use PET

can identify the metabolic states of various tissues (4). This technique is particularly useful in analyzing the brain. Radiation pinpoints cells that are metabolically active.

Tissues

a group of cells and fluids (lymphatic and blood) designed to perform a specific function epithelial

not exciting tissues

epithelial

connective

eciting tissues to generate an action potential

connective

muscle and nervous

corpus colussum is bigger in

females and allows them to multitask more

Goals of studying physiology include

how the body responds to stimuli and how it maintains stable internal conditions in a constantly changing environment.

cell physiology

-cyte

-cyto

examines processes in cells

systemic physiology

body

functions of organ systems

neurophysiology

focuses on the nervous system

cardiovascular physiology

the heart and blood vessels

Anatomy and physiology are studied together because

they are interwoven and changes in one will affect the other; structure and function are interdependent.

Pathology (disease)

structural and functional changes cause by disease

Exercise physiology:

changes in structure and function caused by exercise

cell number=

more prokaryotes than eukaryotes bacteria make Vit. K (stored in liver) blood clotting co-factor

cirrhosis (scarred)=

alcoholics (have horrible storing vitamin K which doesn’t clot blood) (scarred liver)

discovered by Danish

Mammalian research

furthers human surgery and medicine

• Strict laws govern research to minimize suffering.

• Current knowledge is constantly being updated through research in anatomy and physiology.

avg. 3-5 pounds of

prokaryotes

Chemical level:

interaction of atoms and molecules

Cell level

structural and functional unit of living organisms. Combinations of molecules for structures called organelles that carry out specific functions

Tissue level

group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them

RMP

resting membrane potential

Difference in charge across a membrane

Organ level

two or more tissues functioning together

Organ System

group of organs functioning together

Organism level

any living thing, whether composed of one cell or many.

Integumentary System

skin = largest organ = defense; epidermis is NOT living!! = excretory (waste) organs = get rid of waste

Integumentary system functions

Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D. Consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands

5 layers of epidermis

top 2 dead

3rd dying

skin

nails

hair

glands

subcrete

not need to get rid of it in a hurry, not a awaste

excrete

a waste and can impair functionality and need to get rid of it, kidneys, liver, skin, colon

skeletal system

Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fat. Consists of = bones (source of Ca++ and blood cells – marrow cavities x 2), associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints.

red marrow

are active

yellow marrow

are full of fat (older weget red marrow turns more into yellow marrow)

Muscular system

Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons

Can control voluntarily that has an outward, visible manifestation = skeletal muscle) **Exceptions shivering, reflexes

stimuli=hemodynamics=blood flow changes, blood flow to skin

Nervous System

A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions. Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors

input of info

processing

CNS

output

prefrontal cortices

COGNITION (think & reason & cause and effect)

Endocrine system=

into blood

A major regulatory system that influences

**metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions. Consists of glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete

hormones are stronger than

neurotransmitters

The FOUR hormones that elevate blood sugar (combat hypoglycemia

are:

Epinephrine(Adrenaline); Growth Hormone (GH); **Cortisol (the stress

hormone); Glucagon for alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans of the

pancreas

Cardiovascular System

Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature. Consists of the heart, blood vessels

blood=hemodynamics=

living organisms respond

Lymphatic System

Removes foreign substances from the

**blood and lymph

(**fluids = tissues), combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from the digestive tract. Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs.

edema=

swelling

capillary bed

is one endo layer, are clear bc they are so thin, always leaking fluid from capillary beds and lymphatic picks it up

Respiratory system

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates

consist of the lungs and respiratory passages

if CO2 is up then

pH is down

Medulla(opiates hyperpolarize)

part of brain stem has respirartion, hearrate, and blood pressrue centers

opiates are the narcotics suppresing pain centers in our bodies

the more skeletal muscle we have what raises

our basal metabolic rate

interstition

space between cells

Digestive System

Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs.

gallbladder

stores bile, made in liver

CCK cause gallbladder to

contract and release bladder