Computer Hardware and Software: Key Concepts and Systems

Hardware:

Physical components of a computer (CPU, keyboard, monitor, storage).

Software:

Instructions that tell hardware what to do.

Operating System (OS):

Software that manages hardware and provides a platform for applications.

Application Software:

Programs that perform specific tasks for users (e.g., Word, Excel).

GUI (Graphical User Interface):

Visual interface that allows users to interact with the computer easily.

Firmware:

Software permanently stored on nonvolatile memory that controls hardware.

Embedded Systems:

Special-purpose software built into physical devices (e.g., cars, thermostats, printers).

Platform:

A foundation that allows development and integration of software (e.g., iOS, Android).

Desktop Software:

Installed on a personal computer for single-user tasks (e.g., Microsoft Word).

Enterprise Software:

Software that serves multiple users across an organization (e.g., ERP, CRM, SCM).

Software Package:

Commercially available software offered by a third party.

ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning):

Integrates all business functions into a single system.

CRM (Customer Relationship Management):

Manages interactions and relationships with customers.

SCM (Supply Chain Management):

Manages the flow of goods, data, and money across the supply chain.

BI (Business Intelligence):

Analyzes data to support managerial decision-making.

DBMS (Database Management System):

Software for storing, organizing, and retrieving data.