Studied by 61 peopleCarbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, Sulfur
What's CHNOPS stand for?
organic molecules
carbon-based molecules
inorganic molecule
not carbon-based molecule
4
How many bonds can carbon form up to?
macromolecule
any very large complex molecule; found only in plants and animals
monomer
building blocks for macromolecules/polymers
-mono
one
-mer
sub-unit
polymer
big molecules made up of monomers
carbohydrates (sugar), lipids (fats), proteins, and nucleic acids
What do polymers make?
-poly
many
dehydration synthesis
chemical reactions that bond monomers together to make polymers
remove water molecules to make something (combine monomers into polymers)
What's one of the main thing you do in dehydration synthesis?
dimer
a compound whose molecules are composed of two identical monomers
-di
two
Hydrolysis
a chemical reaction to breaking down polymers into monomers
carbohydrates
main source of energy for cells activity (quick energy)
CHO
What elements do carbohydrates use?
for structural purposes; to make the cell wall with cellouse
Why do plants use carbs?
monosaccharide
monomer for carbohydrates
-saccharide
sugar
Glucose
monosaccharide; sugar found in blood (main energy source)
Fructose
monosaccharide; sugar found in fruit
disaccharide
dimer for carbohydrates
Sucrose
disaccharide; can be found in plants
polysaccharide
polymer for carbohydrates
glycogen
how animals store excess sugar; when glucose levels are then ______ is used
starch
how plants store extra sugar
isomer
same molecular form but the different structure (STRUCTURE = FUNCTION)
protein
NCHO is present, made up of amino acids
amino acid
protein's monomers
regulate cell processes (enzymes), form cell structure, transport substances into or out of cells, fights diseases
What is the proteins' function? (name 4)
N-C-C-N-C-C
What formation does protein run?
dipeptide
protein's dimer
polypeptide
protein's polymer
nucleic acid
macromolecules composed of nucleotide chain
nucleotide
nucleic acid's monomer
deoxyribose
DNA
Ribose
RNA
Purines
two carbon-nitrogen ring; have Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)
Pyrimidines
one carbon-nitrogen ring, have Cytosine (C), Uracil (U), Thymine (T)
two
How many strands does DNA have?
one
How many strands does RNA have?
A, G, C, T; A bonds with T and G bonds with C
What bases are in DNA? Which bases attract each other?
A, G, U, C; A bonds with U and G bonds with C
What bases are in RNA? Which bases attract each other?
they can because of its structural properties; which allow purines to hydrogen bond with pyrimidines
Why do purines pair with pyrimidines?
hydrogen bonds are weak which makes DNA easier to break apart and copy itslef
Why does DNA form with hydrogen bonds?
nucleic acid
polymer for nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
RNA
to store and transmit genetic info
lipids
fats we use
nonpolar because it has less oxygen than carbons
Are lipids polar or nonpolar?
glycerol and fatty acids
monomer for lipid (name 2)
CHO(P)
What elements do lipids have?
long-term energy source and storage (cell membrane) and steroids which helps structure in the cells; communication between cells (immune system)
What's the structure of a lipid?
lipid
polymer of a lipid
saturated fats
no double bonds between carbons, they have saturated hydrogens, get as much as they can hold, straight, the bad fats are its structure, solid at room temp
unsaturated fats
double bond between carbon, less Hydrogens, causes it to bend, liquid at room temp
saturated fats
What structure is this?
unsaturated fat
What structure is this?
protein
What structure is this?
it makes the protein function
Why is protein structure so important?
carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another
What are the peptide bonds in the primary structure?
primary structure
held by peptide bonds; the linear sequence of amino acids that make up protein
the order of the amino acids
What determines how a protien is gonna fold in the primary stucture?
amino group, carboxyl group, side chain, and central Carbon
What are the main componets of the amino acid structure?
secondary structure
the folding begins; hydrogen bonds between the amino acid and carboxyl group of amino acids that are not next to each other.
alpha helix and/or the beat-pleated sheet and Yes they can
What two foldings are found in the secondary structure? Can they both be present at the same time?
tertiary structure
more folding occurs and the protein gets its 3D structure
ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bond
What bonds are present in a tertiary structure?
disulfide bond
one sulfur in amino acid and one in the other
on the outside of the folding to be with the water
Where would you find the hydrophilic R group in a protein?
in the center of protein folding; folded inside to protect from water
Where would you find a hydrophobic R group in a protein?
quaternary
all multiple polypeptide chains and/or tertiary chains come together
tertitary structure
What structure can be found in all proteins?
quaternary structure
What structure can not be found in all proteins?
temperature, pH
every protein has a specfic _______ and __ for which it functions
they will break and change shape
What happens when proteins go outside of their temperature or pH?
denature
to lose shape and it's function
Note
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