Liquids and Solids

Flashcards reviewing key vocabulary and concepts from the Liquids and Solids lecture.

Intermolecular Forces (IMFs)

Weak, temporary attractive forces that hold particles together in solids and liquids. Based on temporary electrostatic interactions.

Ion-Dipole Attractions

Attractions between ions and the oppositely charged ends of polar molecules.

Hydrogen Bonding

Occurs when H is bonded to N, O, or F; the 2nd strongest IMF.

London Dispersion Forces

Found in all substances; very weak-instantaneous dipole caused by random motion of electrons

Polarizability

Squishiness of electron cloud; how easily the electron cloud can be distorted to be asymmetric. More polarizable, greater London Dispersion Forces.

Dipole-Dipole Attractions

Polar molecule with asymmetric distribution of electron domains and a difference in electronegativity between atoms in the bond, creating permanent positive and negative ends.

Boiling Point

Temperature at which vapor pressure is equal to ambient pressure.

Normal Boiling Point

Temperature at which vapor pressure is equal to 1 atm.

Viscosity

Resistance to flow; stronger IMFs result in greater resistance.

Surface Tension

Tendency of liquids to minimize their surface area caused by the attraction of particles in the surface layer to the particles in the bulk.

Cohesion

Attraction of like particles

Adhesion

Attraction of different particles

Capillary Action

Ability of a liquid to flow against gravity up the inside of a tube

Heat capacity

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a material by 1 K

Molar heat capacity

The heat capacity of 1 mole of substance

Specific heat

The heat capacity of 1 gram of substance

Supercritical Fluids

Temperatures and pressures above the critical point on a pressure-temperature phase diagram.

Vapor pressure

Pressure exerted by its vapor when the liquid and vapor are in dynamic equilibrium

Volatile substance

Substance with high vapor pressure which evaporates easily

Crystalline

Atoms arranged in orderly repeating pattern

Amorphous

Atoms are arranged more like the atoms in a liquid, but they cannot flow past each other