Ap bio weekly quiz 12/12

Gregor Mendel

Known as the 'father of genetics' because he studied inheritance patterns in pea plants.

Trait

A heritable feature (such as flower color).

Allele

A specific version of a trait (such as purple or white).

Genotype

An organism's genetic makeup.

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance.

Alleles

Different versions of a gene.

Homozygous

An organism with two identical alleles for a trait.

Heterozygous

An organism with two different alleles for a trait.

Dominant allele

Always expressed in the phenotype whenever it is present.

Recessive allele

Masked when a dominant allele is present.

Parental generation

The original parent generation in a genetic cross, often abbreviated as P.

Filial generation F₁

The first generation of offspring from a cross of two true-breeding parents.

Filial generation F₂

The second generation of offspring obtained by crossing two F₁ individuals.

Shared processes

Occurs when traits are inherited through both asexual and sexual reproduction processes.

Mendel's Law of Segregation

States that the two alleles for each gene separate during meiosis.

Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment

States that alleles of different genes are distributed to gametes independently.

Monohybrid cross

Follows the inheritance of a single trait.

Dihybrid cross

Follows the inheritance of two traits simultaneously.

Punnett square

A diagram used to show all possible allele combinations in offspring.

Genotypic ratio

Compares the different genetic combinations (genotypes) in offspring.

Phenotypic ratio

Compares the different observable traits in offspring.

Test cross

Performed by crossing an individual with a dominant phenotype with a homozygous recessive individual.

Homozygous dominant

The unknown parent in a test cross if all offspring have the dominant phenotype.

Mendel's laws

Explain the inheritance of genes and traits, fundamental to understanding heredity and variation.