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Personality
Consists of behaviors, attitudes, feelings, and ways of thinking that make you an individual
Psychologist
Person who studies how people think, feel and behave
Extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness to experience
Five Central Traits
Extroversion
How much you like being with other people
Agreeableness
Describes your tendency to relate to other people in a friendly way
Conscientiousness
Describes how responsible and self-disciplined you are
Emotional Stability
How relaxed, secure, and calm you are, even during difficult situations
Openness to Experiences
Curious, imaginative, creative
Influenced by a combination of heredity and environment
What are personality traits influenced by?
Family, friends, cultural group
Environment Examples
Modeling
Influences on your personality; as children develop, they copy the behavior of others
Peer Group
Friends who are about the same age and share similar interests
Identity
A sense of self
Throughout life as people meet a series of challenges
How does personality develop?
Develop trust; learn to be independent; take initiative; develop skills; search for identity; establish intimacy; create and nurture'; look back with acceptance
Stages of Personality Development
Self Esteem
How much you respect yourself and like yourself
Accept themselves for who they are, have a realistic view of their strengths and weaknesses and maintain a positive attitude
People with high self-esteem:
Don’t respect themselves, judge themselves harshly, and worry too much about what others think about them
People with low self-esteem
Drops in early adolescence, increases during adulthood, decreases toward the end of life
How does self-esteem develop by age?
Accomplishments, talents, and contributions to family/community
What should you base your self esteem on?
Learn to focus on your strengths, set ambitious goals, don’t be too hard on self, choose friends who share values, learn to accept compliments
Ways to boost self-esteem:
Self-Actualization
Process by which people achieve their full potential
Physical needs, need to feel safe, need to belong, and need for esteem
What needs must be met to achieve self-actualization?
Hierarchy of needs
What are the needs for self-actualization called?
Physical needs
Basic needs of a human (food, water, sleep)
Safety
Safety from elements - heat, cold, rain
Need to feel safe
Belonging
People need to connect with others - emotional health needs love and acceptance
Esteem
Includes the approval of others and self-esteem
Address the problem; release excess energy; avoid certain situations; avoid destructive behaviors; ask for help
Ways to deal with anger
Emotion
Reaction to a situation that involves your body, mind, and behavior
Primary emotions
Emotions expressed by people in all cultures
Happiness, sadness, anger, fear
Examples of primary emotions
Happiness
Normal response to pleasant events in life
Sadness
Normal response to disappointing events in your life
Grief
Deep sorrow
Anger
Normal response to feeling frustrated or helpless
Fear
Emotion you feel when you recognize a threat to your safety or security
Learned Emotions
Emotions not expressed in the same way by all people
Love
Expressed through caring words, loving touches, or thoughtful actions
Guilt
When you know you have done something wrong
Shame
Focuses on the person rather than the action; lowers self-esteem
Recognizing your emotions
What is the first step to dealing with emotions in healthy ways?
Coping Strategy
Way of dealing with an uncomfortable or unbearable feeling or situation
Harmful: when they make a situation worse or a person is less able to handle a situation
Helpful: when they improve a situation or allow a person to handle a situation in a better way
How can coping strategies be harmful or helpful?
Defense mechanism
Coping strategies that help you protect yourself from difficult feelings
Confronting the situation, releasing built-up energy, taking a break, talking through your feelings
What are some helpful ways of coping?
Using alcohol or drugs, withdrawing from family and friends
What are some harmful ways of coping?
Denial, compensation, rationalization, reaction formation, projection, regression
Examples of defense mechanisms
Denial
Refusing to recognize an emotion or problem
Compensation
Making up for weaknesses in an area by excelling in another
Rationalization
Making excuses for actions or feelings
Reaction formation
Behaving in a way opposite of how you feel
Projection
Putting your own faults on another person
Regression
Returning to immature behaviors to express emotions