apwh u3 saq help(??)

Ottoman Empire

A Sunni Muslim empire known for its vast territorial expansion and cultural achievements, particularly in architecture and art

Safavid Empire

A Shi’a Muslim empire that established a theocratic state in Persia, known for its cultural and artistic achievements, especially in textiles and architecture

Mughal Empire

A Sunni Muslim empire in India, notable for its cultural syncretism and monumental architecture, such as the Taj Mahal

Ming/Qing Dynasty, China

Dynasties that emphasized Confucian values and centralized bureaucracy, with significant contributions to trade and cultural development

Russia

Expanded under the rule of Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible), utilizing gunpowder technology and centralizing power through autocratic rule

Tokugawa, Japan

A period of peace and stability characterized by strict social order and isolationist policies

the period 1450 to 1750 was marked by…

rise of powerful land-based empires that utilized military technology and centralized governance to expand their territories

collapse of the Mongol Empire created…

a power vacuum that allowed these empires to dominate trade routes and regional politics

centralization of power

often done through bureaucracy, military, and taxation systems

Ottomans centralized power by…

the Devshirme system (took Christian boys → trained as Janissaries, loyal to sultan)

Mughals centralized power by…

Zamindar tax collection, controlling diverse regions

Russia centralized power by…

using gunpowder, strengthening tsar’s power

China centralized power by…

Ming restoring civil service exams; Qing using bureaucracy to rule vast empire

Japan centralized power by…

Tokugawa Shogunate centralized daimyo power; alternate attendance policy (daimyo required to live in Edo periodically)

France centralized power by…

absolute monarchy; built Versailles to control nobles (like Tokugawa’s alternate attendance)

gunpowder empires (definition)

empires that used gunpowder, cannons, muskets to expand and consolidate power

gunpowder empires (examples)

Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals, Russia

gunpowder empires arose…

after Mongol collapse and dominated regional trade and territory

states also used ___ to justify their rule

religion and monumental architecture

Ottomans used religion by…

Islamic sultans as Caliph (religious + political authority)

Safavids used religion by…

made Shi’a Islam official → unified (caused conflict with Sunni Ottomans)

Mughals used religion by…

Din-i Ilahi blending Islam + Hinduism to promote religious tolerance

Europe used religion by…

the Divine Right of Kings → monarch’s rule = God’s will

Ottomans used architecture like…

Suleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul, symbolizing imperial power

Safavids used architecture like…

Isfahan with elaborate mosques and palaces

Mughals used architecture like…

Taj Mahal (under Shah Jahan), symbolizing wealth and Islamic-Hindu synthesis

Europe used architecture like…

Palace of Versailles, displaying absolutist power

Qing Dynasty, China used architecture like…

The Forbidden City, emphasizing the emperor’s divine status

China used bureaucracy like…

Confucian civil service exams → Confucian bureaucracy

Ottomans used bureaucracy like…

the Devshirme system → trained bureaucrats/Janissaries loyal to sultan

Aztecs and the Ming Dynasty, China used…

the tribute system (states paid goods/labor in exchange for autonomy)

Mughals used bureaucracy like…

tax farming by Zamindars created a professional administrative class

example of peasant rebellions

White Lotus Rebellion (China)

example of rivalries

Ottoman vs. Safavid (Sunni vs. Shi’a)

example of European nobles resisting absolutism

English Civil War

example of religious divisions (weaking legitimacy)

Protestant Reformation

examples of religion being a unifying force

Akbar’s religious tolerance (Mughal) & Ottoman millet system → allowed religious communities self-governance

examples of religion being a divisive force

Sunni–Shi’a split intensified (Ottoman vs. Safavid) & Protestant Reformation divided Europe & Tokugawa Japan persecuted Christians to prevent European influence

cultural syncretism in Mughals

Islamic + Hindu + Persian + local Indian culture

cultural syncretism in Safavids

Persian traditions infused into Islam

cultural syncretism in Ottomans

blended Byzantine, Arab, and Turkic traditions

cultural syncretism in China

Confucian + Buddhist + Daoist syncretism continued

cultural syncretism in Africa

Islam blended with indigenous beliefs

miniature paintings

glorified rulers

calligraphy exists because…

Islamic art avoided human imagery → focus on beauty of text

printing press in Europe

spread Reformation & literacy

Confucian revival

emphasized Neo-Confucian ethics for loyalty

trade led to…

spread of ideas, religion, and tech

Jesuit missionaries led to…

cultural and religious exchange

how rulers legitimized their rule

religion, art, architecture, bureaucracy

religion showed power because it…

legitimized rule as sacred

art/architecture showed power because it…

displayed wealth and divine authority

bureaucracy showed power because it…

centralized power

military showed power because it…

expanded and secured borders

culture showed power because it…

unified diverse empires