APUSH Period 4 Part 2 IDs

John C. Calhoun

A War Hawk leader that created the South Carolina Exposition and the "positive good" idea

Maysville Road

A new government-funded road that would have expanded the national road, but it was vetoed by Jackson

South Carolina Exposition

Argued that the Order of Nullification was constitutional because states have different economic structures, and since tariffs don't serve them well, they have the right to nullify them

Jackson's Position of Land

That American land is ours, and Native Americans don't belong there

Clay and Webster's Position

Jackson's State Bank Plan

Remove both state banks at any cost, especially with the use of the veto

Order of Nullification

South Carolina self-decreed that the state would not be required to pay federal government tariffs

Force Bill

Jackson created bill that forced SC to pay tariffs but also reduced all tariffs to their 1816 level

Connection between Secession and State's Rights

Being able to succeed allows States to have independent rights from the government

Compromise Tariff of 1832

A deal between Henry Clay and John Calhoun that would lower tariffs over the next decade and ended the nullification crisis

Nicholas Biddle

The president of the National Bank that also gave it a bad reputation

Kitchen Cabinet

Jackson's personally devoted advisors, including Martin Van Buren, Francis Preston Blair, Amos Kendall, and Roger Taney

Martin Van Buren

Andrew Jackson's VP and chief campaign strategist

Roger Taney

Served as an attorney general, treasury secretary, and finally as a Jackson appointee to the Supreme Court

Patronage/Spoils System

A Jacksonian system of giving government positions to those loyal to Jackson (even through bribes)

Dismantling of the American System

Jackson's main goal was to undo the American System, using the veto to get rid of the Second National Bank and the Internal Improvements Bill

Jackson and the Veto

Jackson used the Veto as a weapon, even more than passing laws, including against the Second National Bank and the Internal Improvements Bill

Jackson and the Native Americans

Jackson had a policy of removal for the Natives, manifesting in the Indian Removal Act and the Trail of Tears

Indian Removal Act

Provided a federal plan to forcibly relocate Natives west of the Mississippi River into the Oklahoma and Kansas territories

Worcester v. Georgia

Supreme Court Case where the Cherokee were affirmed in their rights to their ancestral lands, but by 1835, were sidestepped

Trail of Tears

The forcible death-march relocation of 14,000 Cherokee into western territories

Corrupt Bargain

A deal between Adams and Clay, the speaker of the House, to skew votes in Adams's favor, stained Adams's reputation and put Henry Clay as secretary of state

1st Party System

The parties of the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans

2nd Party System

The parties of the Democrats and the National Republicans/Whigs

Northern Whigs

Whigs in the north that supported abolitionism

Southern Whigs

Whigs in the south that were nativist and supported slavery

Free Masons

A secular, secret, and fraternal society dedicated to upholding Enlightenment ideals

Anti-Masons

A party opposed to supporting and voting for anyone who professed membership of the Freemasons

Workingman's Parties

A political party that opposed class division and upper class superiority through trade unions, strikes, and boycotts

Panic of 1837

An economic crisis caused by financial instability due to removing the Second National Bank

Specie Circular

A law created by the Treasury that ordered hard currency payments for all federal land payments, reducing speculation

Hard Currency

Currency in the form of gold silver

Speculation

Avoiding of paying off loans for various things

Independent Treasury Act

Established independent treasury deposit offices separate from private or state banks to receive government funds

William Henry Harrison

An American general who led in the Battle of Tippecanoe and the Thames and also applied for the 9th US presidency but died in office after 30 days

John Tyler

The VP to William Henry Harrison that took the 10th presidency upon Harrison's death

Increase in Voter Participation

Property qualifications to vote were mostly removed by Jackson's presidency, allowing the poor to vote (largely supporting Jackson as a result)

Abolitionism

A movement for removing the policy of slavery because it violates our values as Americans and can't continue in a democratic nation

Quakers and Slavery

Quakers were largely opposed to slavery as peacemaking agents, and thus led portions of the Abolitionist movement

American Colonization Society

An Abolitionist organization focused on primarily relocating free blacks to Africa

Liberia

A country organized by the American Colonization Society that was intended as a safe haven for African-American slaves

David Walker

An American Abolitionist, writer, and anti-slavery activist that wrote an Appeal to the Colored Citizen, which increase southern white paranoia

Necessary Evil

Argument to justify slavery by saying that while it is unpleasant, is it necessary for our American economy

Garrison and the Liberator

William Lloyd Garrison is a white writer and publisher of the Abolitionist newspaper called the Liberator

Frederick Douglas

A free black American that had excellent writing and oratory skills, wrote the North Star newspaper

Gag Rule

Prevented any discussion or thing concerning abolition or slavery on Congressional floors

Liberty Party

A minor political party that supported the abolitionist movement by saying the Constitution was anti-slave

Relation between market economy and slavery

Both the North and South were tied to slavery because the North's manufacturing was tied to the exports created by slavery in the South

Forms of Slave Resistance

Revolts, e.g. Toussaint L'Ouverture, Gabriel's Rebellion, Denmark Vesey (mirrors Gabriel's rebellion), and Turner's Rebellion, and holding on to religion, common language, family, and music

Harriet Tubman

Leader of the Underground Railroad, a network of safehouses that would lead slaves to freedom