PSYC 2550 slideshow #3 - FINAL

this slideshow is on Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Physical growth continues at what kind of rate

slow, regular pace

Girls are slightly shorter and lighter than boys until about...

Age 9

Lower portion of the body is growing the fastest

After age 8, girls accumulate fat...

at a faster rate

Shortest children are found in...

South America, asia, pacific islands, and parts of Africa

Tallest children are found in...

Australia, northern and central Europe, canada, US, and parts of Africa

Factors contributing to physical size differences (2)

Factors contributing to physical size differences (2)

Hereditary

Environmental

Hereditary

evolutionary adaptations to particular climates

Environmental

availability or scarcity of food; control of infectious diseases

Secular trends in physical growth

systematic change from one generation to the next in body size and in the growth and in the timing of the attainment of growth milestones

Secular gain in height and weight ..

– appears in the first two years in industrialized nations

– expands during childhood and early adolescence

– declines as a mature body size is reached

Height gains over the past 150 years have stabilized, though ..

weight gains continue

– Improved nutrition and heath

– Faster rate of physical development in today’s children

Skeletal Growth (5)

1. Bones lengthen and broaden

2. Ligaments are not yet firmly attached to bones, resulting in unusual flexibility

3. Nighttime “growing pains” are common

4. Between ages 6 and 12, all primary teeth have been replaced by permanent teeth

5. Malocclusion (misaligned teeth bite) occurs in one-third of school-age children

are Nighttime “growing pains” Common

yup

Between ages _________, all primary teeth have been replaced by ___

6-12

permanent teeth

Malocclusion (misaligned teeth bite) occurs in...

one-third of school-age children

Weight of the brain increases by ___% in middle childhood

10%

brain development

White matter rises steadily, especially in the prefrontal cortex, parietal lobes, and corpus callosum

Gray matter peaks in middle childhood and then declines as as result of synaptic pruning

Synaptic pruning and accompanying reorganization and selection of brain circuits lead to more…

effective information processing

Gains in basic gross-motor capacities (4)

– Flexibility

– Balance

– Agility

– Force

Advances in fine-motor skills: (2)

– Writing

– Drawing

Concrete operational stage

7-11 years, thinking is more logical, flexible, and organized

Decentration (related to conservation)

ability to focus on several aspects of a problem

Reversibility (related to conservation)

thinking through a series of steps and the returning to the starting point

Seriation

ability to order items along a quantitative dimension, such as length or weight

Transitive inference

ability to seriate mentally

mentally figuring out the order of things based on indirect comparisons.

cognitive maps

mental representations of spaces

Ability to locate landmarks on maps

10-12 year olds increasingly grasp scale

Substantial individual differences exist, influenced by cultural contexts

How are substantial/big differences influenced?

By cultural contexts

What are limitations of concrete operational thought?

1. Children's mental operations

Most effective dealing with concrete info

Work poorly with abstract ideas

2. Continuum of acquisition:

Children master concrete operational tasks step by step, not all at once

Gradual mastery of logical concepts indicates the limitations of concrete operational thinking

Children's are most effective with dealing with. what kind of info

Concrete info

Children work poorly with what kind of ideas

abstract

Do kids master operational tasks step by step?

Yes

Around age 6 IQ becomes more stable and predicts...

– school performance

– educational attainment

Current IQ tests provide an overall score representing …

general intelligence and separate scores measuring specific mental abilities

– do not measure all aspects of intelligence

Group administered tests allows...

Testing of larger groups

Little training to administer

Useful for instructrual planning

Identify students who need further evaluation

individually-administered tests allows...

– demand training and experience to give well

– provide insight into whether a test score accurately reflects a child’s abilities

– are often used to identify highly intelligent children and those with learning problems

Stanford-Binet IQ scales Includes age 2 to adulthood and measures (5)

General knowledge

Quantitative reasoning

Visual-spatial reasoning

Working memory

Basic information processing

Wechslet IQ scale for children

Includes ages 6 to 16

Children younger than 6 are tested by...

the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence–Revised

the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence–Revised for measured intellectual features

verbal reasoning, perceptual (or visual-spatial) reasoning, working memory, and processing speed

Sternberg's triarchic theory of successful IQ:

Analytical intelligence: information processing

Creative intelligence: generating useful solutions to new problems

Practical intelligence: adapting to, shaping, or selecting

environments

People who are intelligent balance three interrelated intelligences

Analytical

Creative

Practical

Gardner asserts that each IQ has a unique …

neurological basis

Gardners theory of multiple intelligences

-Linguistic

– Logico-mathematical

– Musical

– Spatial

– Bodily-kinesthetic

– Naturalist

– Interpersonal

– Intrapersonal

Most powerful evidence on the heritability of IQ involves..

Twin comparisons

About half of the differences in IQ between kids can be traced to their...

Genetic makeup

Adoptions studies are used to study the origins of...

IQ disparities between ethnic groups

Explaining Differences in IQ

Cultural influences (3)

– Test bias may contribute

– Language and communication styles do not always match classrooms and testing situations

– Low-income students tend to score lower due to having fewer learning opportunities

Stereotype threat

fear of being judged on the basis of a negative stereotype can trigger anxiety that interferes with performance

Flynn effect

describes how IQs have increased steadily from one generation to the next

Increase is a dramatic secular trend that applies...

internationally

Modernization contributes to greater participation by

each successive generation in cognitively stimulating leisure activities

Reducing Cultural Bias in Testing

IQ scores can underestimate the intelligence of children from...

ethnic minority groups

can Flexible testing procedures enhance minority children’s performance?

yes

Dynamic assessment

a form of testing in which an adult introduces purposeful teaching into the testing situation

Dynamic assessment is consistent with …

Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development—revealing what a child can attain with social support

Vocab increases fourfold

Reading contributes

Children can grasp double meanings and come to appreciate riddles and puns

What also improves during this time?

Complex grammatical constructions

How many Canadians report being bilingual?

18%

Bilingual development (4):

Simultaneous bilinguals and sequential bilinguals

Bilingual kids engage in code switching

A sensitive period exists

Higher the degree of bilingualism the greater the cognitive gains

Bilingual kids engage in...

Code switching- picking a word in one language and put it in the sentence of another language

EX: I have one chat and one dog

Is code switching a good or bad thing?

it is a good thing to have many languages cognitively

3 ways of bilingual ed

2 way immersion, full immersion, or partial immersion

in traditional classrooms who is the sole authority

the teacher

Constructivist classrooms

kids are active agents who reflect on and coordinate their own thoughts rather than absorbing those of others

Social-constructivist classrooms

kids jointly construct understandings with teachers and peers

Reciprocal teaching

groups question, summarize, clarify, and predict in cooperative dialogues

Communities of learners

adult and child contributors define and resolve problems

Signs of high quality education in elementary school (6)

-Physical setting is divided into richly equipped activity centers

– Curriculum helps children achieve standards and make sense of their learning

– Daily activities encourage cooperative learning

– Teachers foster progress with intellectually engaging strategies and demonstrate, explain, coach, and assist

– Regular evaluations of progress help children reflect on their work and decide how to improve it

– Teachers forge partnerships with parents

Educational self-fulfilling prophecies

children may adopt teachers positive or negative views and start to live up to them

Teacher expectations have a greater impact on _____ than on _ students

Low –achieving

High- achieving

how may a child in the position of confirming a negative stereotype respond?

with especially intense anxiety and reduced motivation, amplifying a negative self-fulfilling prophecy

Homogeneous groups or classes can be a …

Potent source of self-fulfilling prophesies

Heterogenous learning context can reduce..

Achievement difference between SES groups and ethnic minority and majority students

Cooperative learning

small groups work toward common goals

Classmates consider one another's ideas, challenge each other, etc

Educational Screen Media

Interactive screen media use is associated with

academic progress in..

– Word processing, computer programming, and searching the Web

___- video game play has cognitive benefits

Nonviolent

Digital divides persist: ______need increased opportunities to benefit from the positive aspects of screen-media technology

Girls and low-SES students

Teaching Kids with special needs

Learning disabilities

great difficulty with one or more aspects of learning, usually reading

Inclusive classrooms

disabled kids learn alongside typical students

Students with mild intellectual disability are sometimes

integrated

– Some students experience full inclusion

– If steps are taken to promote positive peer relationships,

inclusion can foster prosocial behavior

– Some students do not benefit from inclusion;

achievement gains depend on both the severity of the

disability and the support services available

Gifted

Gifted

Creativity

producing work that is original yet appropriate

Divergent thinking

generation of multiple possibilities when faced with a task or problem

Convergent thinking

arriving at a single correct answer, emphasized IQ tests

Talent

outstanding performance in a specific field

What happens when gifted kids are not challenged appropriately?

They may lose their drive to excel