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personality >
an individual's characteristics of thinking, acting, feelings over a long lasting period
what are the views of personality
sigmund freud and psychoanalytic theories
humanistic theories
trait theories
social-cognitive theories
psychodynamic theories
sigmund freud/psychoanalytic theories >
stated that children hood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality
humanistic theories
focused on our inner capacities for growth and self-fulfillment
trait theories >
examine characteristic patterns of behavior (trait)
social-cognitive theories >
explore the interaction between people’s traits and their social context
psychodynamic theories >
human behavior is a dynamic interaction between the conscious mind and unconscious mind - including associated motives and conflicts
what is psychodynamic theories descended from?
freud’s psychoanalytic theories and treatments
what is freud’s history?
freud private practice and it specialized in nervous disorders
he encountered patients whose disorders did not make neurological sense to him
for example: a patient lost feeling in left hand; there’s no sensory nerve that can cause this; could it be psychological?
what does freud focus on?
unconscious
symbolic meaning
past childhood experiences and the influence on later life
unconscious >
the most of the mind is “below the surface” or unconscious; unacceptable impulses, motives, and conflicts (sexual drive)
what did freud believe?
that there are unlearned biological instincts (especially sexual and/or aggressive in nature) that can occur early in life and these instincts influence how a person thinks, feels, and behaves
what do we have to keep in mind when it comes to freud?
he lived in a time of sexual suppression (late 1800s) and clearly defined roles for me and women and this contributes his theory
free association >
the person relaxes and says whatever come to mind, no matter how embarrassing
dreams (according to freud) >
“the royal needs to unconscious”
manifesting content -
remembered
latent content >
unconscious wishes
freudian slip >
a mistake that reveals unconscious feelings
freud did not believe that anything was _____________
accidental
what is the personality structure according to freud?
Id, Superego, Ego
Id >
instincts, pleasure principle
what does Id represent?
the devil on your shoulder
Superego >
moral branch of personality, conscious, ideal, principle
what does superego represent?
the angle on your shoulder
ego >
deals with demands of reality, reality principle, regulates between id and superego
what does ego represent?
it represents what you actually do
defense mechanisms >
responses are unconsciously created to protect ourselves from the pain of unacceptable thoughts
in defense mechanisms we begin ________ to ourselves
lying
what creates defense mechanisms?
ego
is the defense mechanism healthy or unhealthy?
unhealthy
repression >
the foundation for all defense mechanisms
what is an example of repression?
abuse by a parent repressed so the person has problems forming healthy relationships
do researches doubt repression?
yes
stress __________ memory
enhances
what is an example that proves that stress enhances memory?
most war veterans, rape victims experiences
what are freud’s defense mechanisms?
repression
rationalization
displacement
sublimation
projection
reaction formation
denial
regression
how does repression work?
the ego pushes the unacceptable
what is an example of repression?
a young girl was sexually abused by her uncle. as an adult, she can’t remember anything about the traumatic experience
rationalization >
the ego replaces a less acceptable motive with a more acceptable one
what is an example of rationalization?
A college student does not get into the fraternity of his choice. He says that if had tried harder, he could have gotten in
displacement >
the ego shifts feeling toward an unacceptable to another, more acceptable object
what is an example of displacement?
replacing fear or sadness with humor
sublimation >
the ego replaces an unacceptable impulse with a socially acceptable one
projection >
the ego attributes personal shortcomings, problems, and fault to other
what is an example of projection?
a man who has a strong desire to have an extramarital affair accuses his wife of flirting with other men
reaction formation >
the ego transforms an unacceptable motive into its opposite and you start acting in the opposite way you feel
what is an example of reaction formation?
a woman who fears her sexual urges becomes a religious zealot
denial >
the ego refuses to acknowledge anxiety-producing realities
what is an example of denial?
man won’t acknowledge that he has cancer even though a team of doctors has diagnosed him with cancer
regression >
the ego seeks the security of an earlier developmental period in the face of stress
what is an example of regression?
a women returns to her mother every time she and her husband have a big argument
what shows that freud is criticism for not having any scientific evidence?
can’t be proved or disapproved
less sexual repression in society now than back in the day, but mental disorders have not declined
many modern researchers ___________ repression and stress actually __________ memory
question, enhances
what are some basic humanistic beliefs?
stresses the good in people
every individual has the potential for growth
strives to help people reach their individual potential
stresses the importance of the self and how individuals feel
reaction against psychodynamic perspective
what are the two main humanistic theorists?
abraham maslow and carl rogers
how did abraham maslow develop his ideas?
by observing healthy people (not study cases of ill people)
what did abramham maslow create?
the hierarchy of needs
hierarchy of needs >
self-actualization (the motivation of one’s potential, characteristics of self-actualized people: self-accepting and loving and open to others and their opinions, self-transcendence: the motivation to develop a purpose beyond oneself)
what did carl rogers create?
self concept (all parts included)
self concept >
an individual’s knowledge of who they are
self-image >
the way we see ourselves
self-esteem >
how we feel about ourselves
ideal self >
the self we would like to be
the ______________ between self-concept and ideal impacts _____________
differece, personality
if our self-concept is positive =
happy
if we feel that we fall short of our ideal self =
dissatisfied
what have maslow’s and roger’s ideas influenced?
counseling, education, child raising, and management
what are some criticisms of humanistic theories?
not scientific - concepts are vague
concepts are subjective
too individualistic
naive
how are maslow’s and roger’s ideas impacted?
counseling and child raising
traits >
a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
the myers briggs test >
has been the most popular test to identify traits, but it doesn’t have a scientific affirmation behind it
factor analysis >
statistical procedure used to identify clusters of test items that tap basic components of intelligence
hans eyenck and sybil eysenk
traits could be narrowed down in 2-3 dimensions
extraversion >
extraversion to introversion
neuroticism >
aggressiveness to non-aggressiveness
extroverts seek ___________ because their normal brain arousal is _____
stimulation, low
what tends to be higher in extraverts?
dopamine and dopamine-related
what did research jerome kagan attributed what?
he attributed in children’s shyness to their autonomic nervous system’s reactivity, demonstrating the connectedness of biology and personality
many ________ have been studied, and researchers believe that animals like monkeys, chimpanzees, birds and dogs have _____________
animals, personality
personality inventories >
questionnaires on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings used to assess selected personality traits
minnesota multiphasic personality inventory >
the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests
what was minnesota multiphasic personality inventory test originally made for? what can it do now?
it was originally made to identify emotional disorders but now it is used for screening purposes and it is relatively objective and it can tell when someone is lying
empirically derived test >
a test developed by a testing a pool of items and ten selecting those discriminate between groups
what are the big 5 factors?
CANOE
what does C stand for?
conciousness
consciousness >
the quality of wishing to do one’s work or duty well and thoroughly
what does A stand for?
agreeable
agreeable >
describe someone who is kind, cooperative and considerate
what does N stand for?
neuroticism
neuroticism >
the tendency to experience negative emotions like anxiety, fear, anger and self-doubt
what does O stand for?
openness
openness >
a person’s tendency to be receptive to new experiences, ideas and values
what does E stand for?
extraversion
extraversion >
the extend to which someone is outgoing, sociable, and energized by social interactions
how are traits stable?
they are pretty stable, but some traits develop with age
what is an example of how traits are stable?
agreeableness tends to increase during the thirties and continue to increase
do the big 5 traits predict our actual behaviors?
yes usually
our behavior is influenced by what?
nature and nurture
what is the “person-situation”?
controversy examines which of these is more important - nature or nurture
most researchers agree that personality traits are _______, leading us to the conclusion that _______has more to do with our _____
stable, nature, traits
Note 
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