Chemistry chapter 9

Solution

A homogenous mixture of two or more substances

Solvent

The substance present in the largest amount (moles)

Solutes

The other substances present in a solution (opposite of the solvent)

Electrolyte

A substance that dissolves in water to yield a solution that conducts electricity

Dissociation

When an electrolyte breaks apart into its constituent ions

Ionization

When a molecular compound forms ions when it dissolves

Nonelectrolyte

A substance that dissolves in water to yield a solution that does not conduct electricity

Strong electrolyte

An electrolyte that dissociates completely

Weak electrolyte

A compound that produces ions upon dissolving but exists in solution predominantly as molecules that are not ionized

Dynamic chemical equillibrium

When both the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate

Precipitate

An insoluble product that separates from a solution

Precipitation reaction

A chemical reaction in which a precipitate forms

Polar

Water is a good solvent for ionic compounds because it is a ____ molecule

Hydration

Occurs when water molecules remove the individual ions from an ionic solid, surrounding them so the substances dissolve

Solubility

The maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given quantity of solvent at a specific temperature

Molecular equation

Compounds are represented by chemical formulas as though they exist in solution as molecules or formula units

Metathesis/double replacement reactions

Reactions in which cations in two ionic compounds exchange anions

Ionic equation

Compounds that exist completely or predominantly as ions in a solution

Net ionic equation

An equation that includes only the species that are actually involved in the reaction

Spectator ions

Ions that appear on both sides of the equation

Arrhenius acid

Ionizes in water to produce H⁺ ions

Arrhenius base

One that dissociates in water to produce OH^- ions

Bronsted acid

A proton donor (proton refers to a hydrogen ion)

Bronsted base

A proton acceptor (proton refers to a hydrogen ion)

Hydronium ion

Bronsted acids donate protons to form the _______

Monoprotic acid

One proton to donate

Polyprotic acid

Has more than one acidic hydrogen atom

Diprotic acid

Two acidic hydrogen atoms

Monobasic

Bases that produce only one mole of hydroxide per mole of compound

Neutralization reaction

A reaction between an acid and a base

Redox

A chemical reaction in which electrons are transferred from one reactant to another

Oxidation

Loss of electrons

Reduction

Gain of electrons

Oxidation number

The charge an atom would have if electrons were transferred completely

Molarity (M)

The number of moles of solute per liter of solution

Molarity = moles solute / liters solution

Equation for molarity

Dilution

The process of preparing a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated one

Serial dilution

A series of dilutions that may be used to prepare a number of increasingly dilute solutions

pH

The negative base-10 logarithm of the hydronium ion concentration (in mol/L)

Gravimetric analysis

An analytical technique based on the measurement of mass; highly accurate

Equivalence point

The point in titration where the acid has been neutralized

Indicator

The color change in titration is brought about by this