PSYCH100 Week 10

Bounded Rationally

There are limited on our ability to make rational decisions, such as time, memory, willpower, self-interest, etc

bounded willpower

we don’t always do what we know is best

bounded self-interest

we consider outcomes for others, not just ourselves

bounded ethicality

we may not even be aware of ways we violate our own ethics

bounded awareness

we may fail to notice obvious information that is available

What bounded example is this: you get $13,000 and I get $100

bounded self-interest

Heuristics

mental shortcuts

System 1 Thinking vs System 2 Thinking

1: thinking is fast, intuitive, automatic, emotional, implicit

2: slow, deliberate, explicit, logical

Can system 1 be turned off?

No, it is automatic

Examples of system 1 thinking

2+2=

this washing machine looks super!

understanding simple sentences

System 2 examples

comparing 2 washing machines for overall value

643-342= in your head

Biases

was our reasoning and decision-making tends to be systematically distorted

• confirmation bias

• overconfidence bias

• anchoring/framing effects

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to seek out evidence that supports our beliefs and deny/dismiss evidence that contradicts them

Overconfidence Effect

people tend to overestimate their abilities

• effect is stronger for those least capable

Anchor Effects

When making estimates, an initial “anchor” is likely to influence the size of our estimate

Framing Effects

being influenced by the way information is presented, even when the information is the same

Representativeness Heuristic

judging the probability of an event based on how similar it is to a prototype, rather than considering the base rates (how common the characteristic is in the general population)

Availability Heuristic

mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to mind when evaluating a specific topic/concept

After someone wins a big prize in a lottery, lottery ticket sales go up. The chances of winning the lottery aren’t any better, but people are relying on ____ and perceiving a win as more likely

Availability

How much should I pay for an airline ticket? The first price I saw was $359. When I found one for $300, I felt like it was a pretty reasonable deal. This reflects ___

Anchoring

Is there a standard definition of intelligence?

no

intelligence is multi-____

faceted; there is much more to success in life and achievement than intelligence

Spearman’s g

g: general intelligence- hypothetical factor that accounts for overall differences in intellect

Name Sternberg’s 3 intelligences

1. Creative: inventing, composing music, writing poetry

2. Analytical: doing well in school, logical abilities

3. Practical: plan a party, change a tire, manage a team

Garner’s multiple intelligences

linguistics, spatial, musical, bodily, inter/intra

Fluid vs Crystalized Intelligence

Fluid: capacity to learn new ways of solving problems; “thinking on your feet”

Crystallized: ability to use accumulated knowledge of the world to solve problems

Can fluid intelligence flow into crystallized over time?

yes

The idea that we have a specific intelligence for music’s associated with which theory of intelligence?

gardner’s multiple intelligences

2 types of intelligence tests

1. Standardized: administered in the same way

2. Normed: constructed so that results are normally distributed with a mean of 100

What is the Flynn Effect

long term increase of IQ test scores for future generations

Galton

• intelligence is fixed and heritable trait

  • Eugenics: selective breeding of human population to improve desired characteristics

Binet

• measured intelligence by mental age

  • mental age/chronological age x 100

• Used measures of intelligence to help place children in appropriate school settings in france

Terman

• made the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test: sympathetics to eugenics

  • Worked with US gov to develop test for army, immigrants, vocational placement

Military intelligence tests: 2 types WW1

1. Army alpha test (english speakers)

2. army beta test (non-english speakers)

• used to place new recruits

• 47% scored mental age of 13 or less

Why were Terman’s test not good

• used to reinforce existing societal prejudices against certain groups

• supports racist policies

who made WAIS

Wechsler

What is WAIS

• wechsler adult intelligence scale

  • 15 sub scales and 5 scales

cons of WAIS

• depends too heavily on language and cultural knowledge

is it possible to completely avoid some cultural bias in Intelligence tests?

nope

What is the most widely used intelligence test today

WAIS

Modern test attempts to avoid ____ ___

cultural bias

Growth Mindset vs Fixed Mindset

Growth: believing abilities are changeable

Fixed: Believing abilities are NOT changeable

A person with a growth mindset would most likely say what phrase to themselves?

I’ll try harder next time