5 CAMPYLOBACTERIOSES, YERSINIOSES

What bacteria cause enteric campylobacteriosis?

Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter hyointestinalis

Which animals act as hosts & reservoirs for Campylobacter spp.?

H: Mammals, birds, R:poultry (50-80% of human infections)

What is the primary transmission route for enteric campylobacteriosis?

Fecal-oral via ingestion of contaminated meat, water, or environment

What additional transmission method exists for enteric campylobacteriosis?

Person-to-person spread (no common i think)

What are the clinical signs of enteric campylobacteriosis in humans?

Acute enteritis, abdominal pain lasting ≥7 days, nausea, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, polyneuropathies like Guillain-Barré syndrome and Miller Fisher syndrome (if bacteremia occurs)

How does Campylobacter affect cattle, sheep, and pigs?

Commensal in adults (mostly apathogenic); causes sporadic abortion in ruminants and enteritis in young animals

How is enteric campylobacteriosis diagnosed?

Isolation and identification via cultivation, antigen-capture ELISA, PCR (serology not used)

What are the preferred samples for Campylobacter detection in poultry?

Fresh feces, caecal droppings, cloacal swabs, caeca removal at slaughterhouse

What samples are used for Campylobacter detection in ruminants and swine?

Rectal swabs, aseptic intestinal opening at slaughterhouse

Is there a treatment for enteric campylobacteriosis?

None

What bacteria cause bovine genital campylobacteriosis?

Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis (Cfv) in cattle, Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus (Cff) in other species and humans

How is bovine genital campylobacteriosis transmitted?

Venereal disease transmitted via natural mating or artificial insemination

What is the impact of bull age on infection susceptibility?

• Bulls <3-4 years have temporary infection due to shallow crypts; re-infection can occur

• Bulls >3-4 years develop deep crypts, leading to chronic infection = asympto reservoir

How long can COWS carry Campylobacter fetus?

More than 2 years, with the vagina remaining chronically infected even if the genital tract clears

What is the tissue tropism of Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis and Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus?

Cfv targets the genital system; Cff targets the intestinal tract

What are the clinical signs of bovine genital campylobacteriosis?

Cfv causes endemic/regular abortion; Cff causes sporadic/occasionaly abortion, early embryonic death, mucopurulent endometritis, prolonged luteal phases, irregular estrous cycles, infertility

What are the clinical signs of bovine genital campylobacteriosis in bulls?

Asymptomatic carriers with normal semen production

How is bovine genital campylobacteriosis diagnosed?

Vaginal mucus agglutination test (VMAT),

monoclonal antibody ELISA for secretory IgA detection,

bacterial culture,

immunofluorescent antibody test

What is the recommended treatment for infected bulls?

Streptomycin 20 mg/kg subcutaneously and 5 g in oil-based suspension applied to the penis for 3 consecutive days

What is the prevention method for bovine genital campylobacteriosis?

Vaccination at diagnosis —> improving fertility rates

What are the main causative agents of yersiniosis?

Yersinia pestis, Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

What type of bacteria are Yersinia species?

Gram-negative, coccobacilli, facultative anaerobes, non-spore-forming

Which animals act as reservoirs for Yersinia pestis?

Rodents (primary reservoirs), also dogs, rabbits, cats, mice

How is plague transmitted?

Vector (fleas, e.g., Pulex irritans), direct contact with infected animal tissues, person-to-person inhalation of infectious aerosols

Where is plague most prevalent today?

Asia, Africa, and America

What are the three epidemiological cycles of plague?

Sylvatic (wildlife), urban (domestic animals), human (spreading of pneumonic plague)

What are the three forms of plague?

Bubonic, septicemic, pneumonic

How does bubonic plague develop?

Caused by flea bite, bacteria enter lymphatic system, replicate in nearest lymph node

What is the fatality rate of untreated bubonic plague?

60%

How does septicemic plague develop?

Caused by flea bite or direct contact through skin wounds, spreads via bloodstream

What is the fatality rate of untreated septicemic plague?

100%

How does pneumonic plague develop?

Caused by either bubonic-form spreading to lungs or inhalation of aerosols from an infected person

What is the fatality rate of untreated pneumonic plague?

100%

What is the incubation period of plague?

3-7 days

What are the general symptoms of plague?

Flu-like symptoms: sudden fever, chills, weakness

What are the characteristic symptoms of bubonic plague?

Painful inflamed lymph nodes (buboes), bursting buboes forming open sores with foul-smelling black liquid

What are the characteristic symptoms of septicemic plague?

Dark spots/blotches on the body from subcutaneous bleeding, CNS disorders including spasms and pain

What are the characteristic symptoms of pneumonic plague?

Cough, dyspnea, worsening respiratory distress, rapid progression to death if untreated

How is plague diagnosed?

Clinical signs combined with epizootiological situation, blood/lymph node samples, bipolar staining (Wayson’s or Giemsa’s staining)

What disease does Yersinia enterocolitica cause?

Enterocolitis, transfusion-related septicemia

What disease does Yersinia pseudotuberculosis cause?

Enterocolitis, pseudotuberculosis

Which animals act as reservoirs for Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis?

+++ Pigs, humans (primary), also ruminants, rodents, dogs, birds

How is enterocolitis transmitted?

Ingestion of contaminated products with feces (animal or human), transfusion of contaminated blood products

What is the pathogenesis of enterocolitis?

Mucosal ulceration in terminal ileum, necrosis in Peyer’s patches, enlargement of mesenteric lymph nodes, focal abscesses in organs if septicemia occurs

What are the clinical signs of enterocolitis?

Fever, bloody diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, malabsorption, abdominal pain, septicemia, reactive arthritis

How is enterocolitis diagnosed?

Stool, mesenteric lymph node, blood samples

cultrure on selective medium CIN (Cefsulodin-Irgasan-Novobiocin agar),

intradermal test for Yersinia pseudotuberculosis,

serological assays (ELISA, …)

What is the treatment for Yersinia enterocolitica infections?

Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, gentamycin, neomycin, tetracycline

What is the treatment for Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infections?

Ofloxacin (only effective antibiotic)