Endocrinology

endocrine system function

maintain homeostasis through hormone secretion

anterior pituitary gland

produces/releases seven horomones

posterior pituitary gland

releases 2 hormones made by hypothalamus

hyperpituitarism

general term for hypersecretion of hormones from anterior pituitary

hypopituitarism

general term for hyposecretion of hormones from anterior pituitary

galactorrhea

hypersecretion of prolactin from tumor on andterior pituitary

failure of lactation

hyposecretion of prolaction from defect in anterior pituitary

gigantism

hypersecretion of growth hormone during puberty

excessive growth of bones/tissues

acromegaly

hypersecretion of growth hormone during adulthood

causes facial feature, hands, and feet to enlarge a

acr/o

extremity

dwarfism

hyposecretion of growth hormone during puberty/childhood

causes a lack of growth and short stature

syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

hypersecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

kidneys reabsorb excessive amounts of water

dilutes the blood, low blood sodium levels

diabetes insipidus (DI)

hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

kidneys decrease reabsorption level - polyuria

uterine inertia

hyposecretion of oxytocin

causes weak and uncoordinated contractions during childbirth

pineal gland

gland between the thalamus

secretes melatonin (sleep and heartbeat)

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

decreased hrs of sunlight (during fall/winter) leads to hypersecretion of melatonin

decreases serotonin levels

seasonal depression

hyperthyroidism

hypersecretion of thyroid hormone (metabolism and growth)

Graves disease: edema behind eyes which makes them protrude

goiter

enlargement of thyroid gland - thyromegaly

causes by lack of iodine in diet

type 2 diabetes

non-insulin-dependent diabetes

adult-onset diabetes

Insulin secretion is decreased because of obesity and insulin resistance

gestational diabetes (GDM)

diabetes from pregnancy

increased lvls of hormones blocks insulin

diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

high lvl of acidic substances called ketones

body metabolizes fat increased of glucose

diabetic neuropathy

decreased sensation in the extremities

damage of myelin sheaths around nerves

ket/o

ketones

diabetic nephropathy

damage in kidneys because of lack of blood flow

diabetic retinopathy

degenerative damage to the retina from excess glucose/ketones

formation of fragile blood vessels that rupture easily

adrenal cortex

ACTH hormone from pituitary gland stimulates three hormones from this

adrenal medulla

hyperaldosteronism

hypersecretion of aldosterone

reabsorption of sodium/water from kidneys into blood → hypertension

Cushing’s syndrome

hypersecretion of cortisol (stress hormone)

stimulates liver to convert too much glycogen into glucose

leads to rapid weight gain → fat deposits

Addison’s disease

hyposecretion of cortisol (stress hormone)

low blood glucose, fatigue, weight loss

abnormal bronzed skin

adrenogential syndrome

hypersecretion of androgens

causes alterations in sexual characterisitcs

clitorus resembles penis

pheochromocytoma

hypersecretion of epinephrine and norepinephine