Endocrinology

endocrine system function

maintain homeostasis through hormone secretion

anterior pituitary gland

produces/releases seven horomones

posterior pituitary gland

releases 2 hormones made by hypothalamus

hyperpituitarism

general term for hypersecretion of hormones from anterior pituitary

hypopituitarism

general term for hyposecretion of hormones from anterior pituitary

galactorrhea

hypersecretion of prolactin from tumor on andterior pituitary

failure of lactation

hyposecretion of prolaction from defect in anterior pituitary

gigantism

hypersecretion of growth hormone during puberty

excessive growth of bones/tissues

acromegaly

hypersecretion of growth hormone during adulthood

causes facial feature, hands, and feet to enlarge a

acr/o

extremity

dwarfism

hyposecretion of growth hormone during puberty/childhood

causes a lack of growth and short stature

syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

hypersecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

kidneys reabsorb excessive amounts of water

dilutes the blood, low blood sodium levels

diabetes insipidus (DI)

hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

kidneys decrease reabsorption level - polyuria

uterine inertia

hyposecretion of oxytocin

causes weak and uncoordinated contractions during childbirth

pineal gland

gland between the thalamus

secretes melatonin (sleep and heartbeat)

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

decreased hrs of sunlight (during fall/winter) leads to hypersecretion of melatonin

decreases serotonin levels

seasonal depression

hyperthyroidism

hypersecretion of thyroid hormone (metabolism and growth)

Grave’s disease

form of hyperthyroidism

body produces antibodies to stimulates hyperproduction of thyroid hormone

exophthalmos is common sign - protruding eyeballs from edema behind eyes

goiter

enlargement of thyroid gland - thyromegaly

causes by lack of iodine in diet

hypothyroidism

Hyposecretion of thyroid hormone (metabolism)

iodine deficiency

fatigue, low body temperature, weight gain

Hashimoto thyroiditis

type of hypothyroidism

autoimmune disorder where body makes anti-thyroid antibodies

type 2 diabetes

non-insulin-dependent diabetes

adult-onset diabetes

Insulin secretion is decreased because of obesity and insulin resistance

gestational diabetes (GDM)

diabetes from pregnancy

increased lvls of hormones blocks insulin

diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

high lvl of acidic substances called ketones

body metabolizes fat increased of glucose

diabetic neuropathy

decreased sensation in the extremities

damage of myelin sheaths around nerves

ket/o

ketones

diabetic nephropathy

high levels of glucose and ketones cause damage in kidneys because of lack of blood flow

diabetic retinopathy

degenerative damage to the retina from excess glucose/ketones

formation of fragile blood vessels that rupture easily

adrenal cortex

secretes 3 adrenaline hormones when stimulated by ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) from the pituitary gland

adrenal medulla

secretes norepinephrine and epinephrine (fight-or-flight)

lies underneath adrenal cortex

hyperaldosteronism

hypersecretion of aldosterone

reabsorption of sodium/water from kidneys into blood → hypertension

hypoaldosteronism

hyposecretion of aldosterone

causes low levels of sodium in blood and decreased blood pressure

Cushing’s syndrome

hypersecretion of cortisol (stress hormone)

stimulates liver to convert too much glycogen into glucose

leads to rapid weight gain → fat deposits

Addison’s disease

hyposecretion of cortisol (stress hormone)

low blood glucose, fatigue, weight loss

abnormal bronzed skin

adrenogential syndrome

hypersecretion of androgens

causes alterations in sexual characteristics

clitoris resembles penis, precocious puberty

pheochromocytoma

hypersecretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine

heart palpitations, hypertension, can lead to stroke

caused by adrenal adenoma

phe/o

gray

chrom/o

color

thyroid carcinoma

tumor of thyroid gland

causes thyromegaly

parathyroid glands

4 small glands on the back surface of thyroid gland

secretes parathyroid hormone - regulates calcium in blood

hyperparathyroidism

hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone

moves too much calcium from bones into blood

causes hypercalcemia and bone fragility

hypoparathyroidism

hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone

leads to hypocalcemia

pancreas

corn cob behind stomach

secretes insulin (moves glucose into cells) and glucagon (glycogen breakdown)

hyperinsulinism

hypersecretion of insulin caused by pancreatic adenoma

leads to low blood sugar

insulin resistance syndrome (IRS)

hypersecretion of insulin from cell resistance to insulin

glucose remains in the blood instead of entering cells

leads to diabetes

diabetes mellitus (DM)

pancreas is unable to secrete enough insulin

low lvls leads to hyperglycemia

type 1 diabetes

insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

pancreas secretes no insulin

autoimmune disease - body makes antibodies against islet cells

juvenile-onset

type 1.5 diabetes

latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA)

autoimmune disease - body makes antibodies against pancreas

pancreas secretes very low lvls of insulin

precocious puberty

hypersecretion of estradiol/testosterone

leads to early puberty

calcium test

test to measure calcium levels in blood

tests parathyroid gland function

cortisol level test

test to measure amount of cortisol in blood

tests adrenal cortex’s function

fasting blood sugar test (FBS)

test to measure blood glucose levels after a patient has fasted for 12 hours

tests pancreas and insulin levels

initial screening for diabetes mellitus

oral glucose tolerance test (GTT)

test in which blood is drawn after patient fasts for 12 hours, then a drinks a glucose drink every hour (4 hours)

blood glucose should level out - if not indicated diabetes

hemoglobin A_1c test (HbA_1c)

test to measure A_1c faction of hemoglobin in diabetic’s RBC

high results indicate bad glucose control over the past few months

testosterone test

test to measure testosterone in male’s blood

tests the testes secretion levels

thyroid function tests (TFTs)

test to measure thyroid hormone levels

tests thyroid secretion levels

FSH and LH assay

test to measure follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormone (secreted to ovaries/testes to secrete testosterone/estradiol)

used in infertility tests

growth hormone test

test to measure level of growth hormone in blood

ADH stimulation test

test to measure urine concentration

indicates if pituitary gland is secreting normal amount of ADH

estradiol test

test to measure level of estradiol in urine

indicates if ovaries are secreting a normal amount

done in infertility workups

urine dipstick test

test to measure glucose and ketones in urine

evaluates patients with diabetes

vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) test

test to measure levels of VMA (byproduct of epinephrine/norepinephrine)

24-hour urine sample

indicates if adrenal medulla is functioning properly

radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) and thyroid scan

thyroid scan shows size/shape of thyroid

iodine uptake shows how the thyroid gland absorbs iodine from blood

thyroid ultrasound

procedure with sound waves to produce image of thyroid

ADA diet

diet for patients with diabetes

carb/fat intake limited

antidiabetic drugs

oral medications for type 2 diabetes

stimulates pancreas to secrete more insulin or increases number of insulin receptors

antithyroid drugs

drugs to treat hyperthyroidism

inhibits production of thyroid hormones t

thyroid hormone supplement drugs

drugs to treat a lack of thyroid hormones

corticosteroids

drugs that mimic action of cortisol

for Addison’s disease

growth hormone supplement drugs

drugs to provide growth hormone

insulin

used to treat all forms of diabetes

must be injected at least once a day a

adrenalectomy

remove adrenal gland because of tumor

parathyroidectomy

remove parathyroid glands to treat hyperparathyroidism

thymectomy

procedure to remove thymus

for myasthenia gravis

thyroidectomy

procedure to remove all/part of the thyroid gland

transsphenoidal hypophysectomy

procedure to remove adenoma from pituitary gland

incision in the sphenoid sinus