Factors Affecting Fetal Development

What is the most common cause of congenital anomalies

Genetics

What are the features found in someone with down syndrome

Flattened face
Protruding tongue
Upward slanting eyes
Low muscle tone
Single crease in palm of hand
Small hands and feet

Who is mostly affected by Klinefelter syndrome

Boys only
They have one Y and two Xs

When is Klinefelter syndrome diagnosed

Teens

What are symptoms of Klinefelter syndrome

Weak muscles
Slow development

What causes Prader Willi syndrome

Deletion from gene segment on chromosome 15
Most common genetic cause of life threatening obesity

Prader Willi syndrome in infants

Low tone
Sleepy
Weak cry
Motor delay
Craves food (beginning at 2 years)

Symptoms of Prader Willi syndrome

Delayed development
Short stature
Behavioral issues
Learning disabilities

What causes Fragile X syndrome

X chromosome looks fragile due to lacking FMRP protein

Symptoms of Fragile X syndrome

Low IQ
Delays in speech, motor, and cognitive
ADHD
Behavioral issues
Abnormal facial features

Environmental role in developmental issues

Is responsible for 7-10% of congenital anomalies

Critical periods of human development

Weeks 0-2 spontaneous abortion
Brain development
Key periods of organ development

What factors determine the effects of taking drugs during a pregnancy

Timing of exposure
Duration of use
Dosage
Permeability of placenta
Pre/Post natal care

What affect does smoking have on newborns and children

Newborn: low birth weight, growth retardation, premature birth
Children: cognitive issues, decreased receptive language, attention issues
These effect also include e cigarettes and patch

What affect does alcohol have on newborns and children

Mental retardation
Newborn: low birth weight, tremors, cognitive issues, growth deficiencies
Children: hyperactivity, learning issues, decreased social skills
There is no safe amount of alcohol consumption during pregnancy

What affect does cocaine have on newborn and children

Newborn: growth retardation, prematurity, low arousal, withdrawal symptoms
Children: cognitive issues, language delay, behavior issues

What affect does marijuana have on newborn and children

Small amount is fine
Newborn: sleep issues, increased startles, visual issues
Children: hyperactivity, delay in cognitive skills

What affect does methamphetamine have on newborn and children

Newborn: low birth weight, small size, cardiac issues (female more than male), abnormal brain development, withdrawal
Child: visual motor issues, ADHD, short stature

What affect does opioids have on newborn and children

Birth defects are rare
Newborn: oral cleft, heart defects, clubfoot, premature labor, intrauterine growth retardation, withdrawal symptoms
Children: motor and cognitive issues, hyperactivity

How does lead affect cognitive development

Growth retardation
Low birth weight
Behavioral issues
Slowed brain development

How does Cytomegalovirus (CMV) affect cognitive development

Viral infection passed during labor or with breastfeeding
Early - abortion
Newborn: cerebral palsy, mental retardation

How does HIV affect cognitive development

If preventative drugs are taken; 1-2% transmission rate
Can pass during pregnancy, delivery, and breast feeding

What can HIV develop into

AIDs

How can chicken pox affect development

1st or 2nd trimester: limb deformities, seizures, cognitive delays
3rd trimester: shot of varicella zoster immune globulin (VZIG)

How does radiation affect congenital development

Depends on dose rate and stage of exposure
Diagnostic levels - no proof of congenital anomalies

Maternal factors affecting development

Disease: diabetes type 1 vs gestational
Stress: extreme stress is linked to decreased IQ, ADHD, poor self control, high BP
Nutrition: lasts 4 months important, decreased brain cells, child passive

How do malformed uterus affect development

Clubfoot
Congenital dislocated hip
Arthrogryposis