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Names of 3 Gunpowder Empires
Ottoman Empire, Safavids, Mughal India
Location of the Gunpowder Empires
Western and Southern Asia
Religion/Sect of the Gunpowder Empires
Ottomans - Sunni Muslisms
Safavids - Shi'a Muslims
Mughal - majority Hindu but some Sunni Muslims
Shari'a Law (Islamic Law)
the system of Islamic law, based on varying degrees of interpretation of the Qu'ran
How Gunpowder Empires dealt with the diversity within their empires
religious tolerance
What led to conflict between Gunpowder Empires?
Difference in religious opinion and war over land
Region dominating global trade by the 1500s
Europe
Region with the most desirable products
Asia
What is mercantilism?
A new economic theory adopted by many Western European nations.
What was the goal of mercantilism?
To maintain a favorable trade balance by exporting more than importing.
What did mercantilism aim to accumulate?
The most bullion, including precious metals such as gold and silver.
Free Market Trade Definition
market where products are exchanged by a willing buyer and seller but no government involvement
What is the definition of laissez-faire economic policy?
A theory that opposes governmental interference in economic affairs beyond what is necessary to protect life and property.
What does laissez-faire economic policy oppose?
Governmental interference in economic affairs.
What is the primary purpose of government in a laissez-faire economic policy?
To protect life and property.
When was the Qing Empire established?
1644
Who established the Qing Empire?
Manchus
Which empire did the Qing Empire overthrow?
Ming Empire
What regions did the Qing Empire control at various times?
Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan, and Tibet
When was the last emperor of the Qing dynasty overthrown?
1911
What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?
An agreement between Spain and Portugal to divide newly discovered lands.
What was the Line of Demarcation?
A boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.
What is a peninsulare in the Casta System?
Those born in the Iberian Peninsula (Spanish-born).
What is a creole in the Casta System?
Individuals of European descent born in America.
What is a mestizo in the Casta System?
Individuals of European and indigenous descent.
What is a mulatto in the Casta System?
Individuals of European and African descent.
Who were at the bottom of the Casta System?
Indigenous and African individuals who were slaves.
How did race and class affect women's experiences in the Casta System?
Women lived in a patriarchal society, but their experiences were shaped by race and class.
Spanish governments response to poor treatment of Amerindians
imported slaves from Africa and created encomiendas
Chattel Slavery
Absolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person.
Regions of slave trade
From Africa
To Americas
Major European Slaving Nations
Portugal, Spain, France
Cash Crops which led to increased dependence on slavery
Cotton and sugar cane
Where was silver primarily found during the Spanish colonial period?
Potosi, South America
How did silver impact Spanish wealth in the Pacific?
It allowed the Spanish to gain wealth through trade.
What role did silver play in currency during the Spanish colonial period?
It was adopted as a common currency.
What is a joint-stock company?
A company made up of a group of shareholders.
What do shareholders do in a joint-stock company?
Each shareholder contributes some money to the company.
What do shareholders receive in a joint-stock company?
Shareholders receive some share of the company's profits and debts.
Enlightenment Period
18th century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of life. Also known as Age of Reason.
Philosophers and their view of religious institutions
Humanists - believed in separation of religion and state during the renaissance
Enlightenment Period led to furthering the belief of separating church and state.
Enlightened political reforms
legal reforms, promotion of education, religious tolerance, and economic improvements
When did the French Revolution begin?
1789
What did the French Revolution overthrow?
The absolute monarchy of the Bourbons
What system was abolished during the French Revolution?
The system of aristocratic privileges
What event marked the end of the French Revolution?
Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799
Estates General
An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France.
Which estate in France was responsible for paying all the taxes?
3rd estate
Which two estates in France were not taxed at all?
1st estate and 2nd estate
What political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence?
American Revolution
In what year did the Declaration of Independence occur?
1776
What did American colonists seek to balance during the American Revolution?
The power between government and the people
What rights did American colonists aim to protect in a democracy during the American Revolution?
The rights of citizens
Why was the American Revolution more successful than the French Revolution?
13 colonies were functioning on their own for years while other places, like France, had never been independent.
Declaration on Independence
the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain
What is the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?
A document from the French Revolution.
What did the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen outline?
The natural rights of all people and the rights of citizens.
Which assembly considered the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?
The National Assembly.
Who led the Haitian Revolution?
Toussaint l'Ouverture
What year did the Haitian Revolution result in the overthrow of French colonial rule?
1790
What significant government was established as a result of the Haitian Revolution?
The first black government in the Western Hemisphere
What was the status of the Haitian Republic in terms of democratic governance?
It was the world's second democratic republic after the US.
How did the other countries respond to the Haitian Republic led by former slaves?
other states were reluctant to give full support.
Nationalism
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country
Socialism
A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.
conservative
holding to traditional attitudes and values and cautious about change or innovation, typically in relation to politics or religion.
liberal
open to new behavior or opinions and willing to discard traditional values.
Karl Marx
founder of modern communism
Communism
a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.
products of the second industrial revolution
steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum
New Methods of Production
-Division of labor
-Mass production
-Standardized parts
-Assembly line
Power sources of industrialization
petroleum, coal, electricity
Major resources in industrial revolution
steel, coal, iron ore
Importance of railroads
Allowed for faster travel and shipping of products and materials
Meiji Restoration
The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.
Tanzimat Reforms
A set of reforms in the Ottoman Empire set to revise Ottoman law to help lift the capitulations put on the Ottomans by European powers.
Why were women and children favored as factory workers in the early 1800s?
they could be paid less and were needed to keep production running at such a high rate
Social reform movements in the 1800s
Temperance, Abolition, Women's Rights, Public Education
Changing of social classes due to industrialization
The Industrial Revolution created a new middle class along with the working class
Factory System
system bringing manufacturing steps together in one place to increase efficiency
What led to amplified food production during the Agricultural Revolution?
New farming techniques and improved livestock breeding.
What was one consequence of increased food production during the Agricultural Revolution?
A spike in population.
How did the Agricultural Revolution impact health?
It increased health.
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