Production, Costs and Revenue

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Full set of Flashcards on Production, Costs and Revenue section of AQA A-Level Economics

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34 Terms

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Production is

The conversion of factor input

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Forms of production

  • Land productivity is the output of worker per time period

  • Capital productivity is the output per unit of capital

  • Factor productivity is the average output of all factors of production

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Economies of scale occur

As long run average costs fall as the scale of production increases

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Productive efficiency is created when

  • Purchasing economies of scale lead to a reduction in costs

  • Specialisation can lead to a more efficient use of inputs

  • Better Management can lead to increased output with same factor inputs

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Diseconomies of scale occur

As long run average costs rise as the scale of production increases

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Productive inefficiency occurs due to

  • Lack of communication between employees

    • Larger firms find it more difficult to communicate efficiently

    • Increased cost for communication methods

    • Managers of small firms can communicate instantly

  • Lack of coordination by management

    • Larger firms find it difficult to manage increased personnel and customer numbers

    • Difficult to delegate to and motivate workers

  • Bureaucracy - large organisations

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Specialisation increases output as

  • Each economic unit can specialise in what they are best at

  • Efficient use of time as there is no switching between tasks

  • Technical economies of scale as capital equipment is used to produce goods and services

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Specialised use of workers is

Division of Labour

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Money is more efficient than barter as it is

  • A medium of exchange

    • An intermediary between two parties

  • A store of value

    • It can be kept for future use

  • A unit of account

    • It allows us to measure the value of goods and services in units (price)

  • A standard deferred payment]

    • Pay now for later

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Short run is

  • Time period where at least one factor of production is fixed - normally capital

    • Firms will stay in production if variable cost is covered

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Long Run is

  • Time period where no factors of production are fixed - scale of output can be changed

    • Firms will leave the industry if total costs aren’t covered

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Fixed Cost is

Costs that don’t change with output (rent)

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Variable Cost is

Costs that vary with output, as output increases so does it (raw materials)

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Total Cost is

Fixed + Variable

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Average Cost is

The cost of producing one unit (Total Cost/ Units Sold)

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Average Variable Cost is

Total Variable Cost/ Output

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Marginal Cost is

The cost of producing one more unit

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When MC<AC

AC isa falling

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When MC>AC

AC is rising - Disecon of Scale

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Short Run Costs occur

When at least some costs are fixed - time frame differs by firm

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Long Run Costs occurs

When all costs are variable

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Relevant Costs are

Those that are used to make decisions on an investment - includes opportunity cost

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Sunk Costs should be

Ignored but as can be seen in behavioural economics this is not always the case

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Internal Economies Of Scale

Occur due to an increase on the scale of production in the firm

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Types of internal EOS

  • Purchasing Economies

    • Bulk buying

  • Technical Economies

    • Machines (specialised)

  • Managerial Economies

    • Specialist labour (lawyer)

  • Financial Economies

    • Better interest rates and higher credit scores on loans

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External EOS occurs

Due to an increased scale of production within the industry the firm operates in

  • A fall in ACT due to factors out side the control of firm

  • Impact on firms within the same industry or geographical region

  • Create positive externalities:

    • improved transport infrastructure

    • pool of skilled workers

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Diseconomies of Scale

  • Communication

    • Larger firms find it more difficult to communicate efficiently

    • Increased cost for communication methods

    • Managers of small firms find it easier to communicate effectively with their whole team

  • Coordination

    • Larger firms find it more difficult to manage the increased number of personnel and customers

    • Increasingly difficult to delegate to and motivate workers

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Total Revenue is

All the money received by the firm from the sale of its goods and services

= Price x Quantity

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Average Revenue

= Total Revenue/ Units sold = Price

So the Average Revenue Curve = the Demand Curve

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Normal profit is

The level of profit required for a firm to stay in the industry in the Long Run (includes the opportunity cost)

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Supernormal Profit is

The level of profit over and above normal profit

  • When AR>AC

  • Supernormal profit occurs because a firm has some monopoly power

  • Attracts new firms to the market

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Profit Maximising Firms will

Aim to make supernormal profits in imperfectly competitive markets

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Sales Maximising firms

Might make supernormal profit but not at the maximum level

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Profit Satisfying Firms

Might make supernormal profit but not at the maximum level