Physio Exam 2 Review

Sympathetic

increases

parasympathetic

decreases

parasympathetic

consists of 4 cranial nerves and the sacral plexus

oculomotor

cranial nerve that impacts the eyes

vagus

cranial nerve that impacts clavicle to hip

parasympathetic

long pre-ganglionic, short post-ganglionic, ganglia is in the target organ

sympathetic

short pre-ganglionic, long post-ganglionic; target organ is on the end

paravertebral

sympathetic ganglia parallel with the vertebrae

nucleus

cell bodies in the CNS

ganglion

cell bodies in the PNS

tract

axon bundles in the CNS

nerve

axon bundles in the PNS

alpha 1

vasoconstricts; high number, low affinity

beta 2

vasodialate; low number, high affinity

pre-ganglionic neuron

mylenated in parasympathetic and sympathetic

cromaffin

sympathetic neurons to adrenal medulla → release Epi

prevertebral

sympathetic ganglia - controls intestine and GI

alpha 1

vasoconstrict

alpha 2

pre synaptic “-” feedback

beta 1

on heart and kidney

beta 2

pre synaptic “+” feedback, vasodialator

beta 3

adipose tissue → lipolysis

SRY gene

produces the testes

NO SRY gene

results in the ovary

mullerian tubule

develops into the uterus and oviduct

wolfian tubule

develops into the epidymus, vas deferens, and ejaculatory duct

testes

break down the ovary, develops into the wolfian tubule

ovary

develops into the mullerian tubule

sinus, folds, tubericle

urogenital homologs

vagina

female urogenital sinus

prostate gland

male urogenital sinus

labia

female urogenital folds

scrotum

male urogenital folds

clitoris

female urogenital tubericle

penis

male urogenital tubericle

gonadotropic RH

released by the hypothalamus, received by the anterior pituitary gland

sertoli cells

stimulated by the follicle stimulating hormone from gonadotropes (for males); convert androgen to estrogen

granulosa cell

stimulated by the follicle stimulating hormone from gonadotropes (for females); convert androgen to estrogen

granulosa cell

surrounds the developing egg

leydig cells

stimulated by the leutinizing hormone from gonadotropes (for males); make androgen; “on the outside”

internal thecal cells

stimulated by the leutinizing hormone from gonadotropes (for females); make androgen; “on the outside”

seminiferous tubules

site of spermatogenesis

basement membrane

of seminiferous tubules; epithelial sheath that cells sit on

estrogen

stimulates female secondary sex characteristics and spermatogenesis

tight junctions

in seminiferous tubules; keep developing sperm separate → testes blood barrier → blood doesn’t impact gamete

spermatogonia

diploid (2N), undergoes mitosis to replace cells → develops into 1’ spermatocytes

1’ spermatocytes

make a copy and split into 2’ spermatocytes

2’ spermatocytes

cells divide to form spermatids

spermatids

convert into spermatozoa

spermatozoa

final product of spermatogenesis; 4 haploi cells are created; leave sertoli cells and put into lumen for storage

acrosome

“cap” of spermatozoa containing hydrolytic enz (break down molecules with H2O) and hyluronidase (enz to help break through barrier)

midpiece

part of spermatozoa that is the location of the mitochondria → makes ATP

flagella

propeller of the spermatozoa; mictrotubule = dynein ATPase

axoneme

9+2 arrangement of the flagella; pairs slide over each other due to the dynein enz between them in synch so that sperma can swim in a straight line

vas deferense

thick smooth muscle, goes through the abdominal walls into the pelvic region (weak spot = cause of make abdominal hernias)

spermatic cord

region of the vas deferens that is outside the pelvic region

cremaster muscle

causes the testes to move up (when cold) and down ( when hot) to control blood temperature

epididymis

10% of ecjaculated fluid; store the sperm; has a acidic environment (to inhibit sperm), inhibitory proteins; and cholesterol (to stabilize the acrosome and the hydrolytic enzymes)

Testes

left is lower than the right to allow “rolling”

Prostate gland

30% of ejaculated seminal fluid, contains Ca++ ( active sperm), citrate buffer (neutralize and activate epidymal fluid), clotting factors (allow sperm to adjust to environment), and fibrogenolysis (to break up the clot)

seminal vesicles

60% of seminal fluid; contains fructose (nutrient gift), fibrinogen (activated to fibrin, forms a clot), and prostaglandin (paracrine homone)

prostaglandin

causes reverse peristalsis (move sperm up reproductive tract), immunosupresses the female immune system (to protect sperm), and makes cervical mucus more fluid (to make protein lanes to direct sperm into uterus)

cremastor muscles and countercurrent system

heat exchange mechanisms

parasympathetic

neurons release ACH (during erection) → nitric oxide (VIP causes vasodialation and an increase in blood flow)

corpus cavmosa and corpus spinosum

erectile tissue

pundal nerve

carries impulse from a sensory end organ to the brain

hypogastric nerve

carries impulse from the brain to the sensory end organ, stimulates the prostate to contract

ischiocavenous, bulbocavernous

muscles at base of penis that contract to ejaculate

capacitation

allows sperm to swim straight

zona pellucida

clear coating around the oocyte; contains hyaluronic acid (broken down by sperm hyaluronic acid)

cilia

create current to pull egg from ovary into oviduct

graffian follicle

blister filled, oocyte just before ovulation

follicular phase

estrogen dominant, “+” feedback on ant pit, uterus hyperplasia + hypertrophy, cervical mucus thickens

luteal phase

progesterone dominant, “-” feedback on ant pit, endometrium enriched with glycogen and fluid, cervical mucus thins

Meiosis 1

completes at fertilization

meiosis 2

completes @ fertilization (helped by Ca++)

morula

cluster of cells, develops into into blastocyst

blastocyst

hollow ball that undergoes gastrulation (infolding) to form the 3 embryonic GI layers, develops into embryo

embryo

becomes surrounded by the tropoblast layer to connect to endometrium

tropoblast

contains hydrolytic enzymes, release HGC, bind to ovary surface of GC cells to maintain progesterone until placenta grows

chorion

develops into the placenta

acrosome reaction

protease + hyaluronidase to digest GC and ZP, need enough sperm count to break down

sperm

depolarizes oocyte membrane (-60 → +25)

Ca++

released to pull sperm nucleus to oocyte nucleus

pronucleus

sperm nucleus + oocyte nucleus

H pump

in the egg to push out and remove any other sperm

estrogen, relaxin

placental hormones that promote uterine growth and increase oxytocin receptors in the uterus

relaxin, progesterone

placental hormones that inhibit uterine contractions

estrogen, progesterone

placental hormones that inhibit milk production

somatomammotropin

placental hormone that promotes breast tissue growth

cervix stretch receptors and suckling

send info to the hypothalamus for the posterior pituitary gland to release oxytocin

oxytocin

hormone responsible for labor and releasing milk

prolactin

hormone responsible for milk production

brown fat

how a baby survives until the mother can produce breast milk

passive immunity

given to babies through breast milk until their own immune system develops

\-70 mV

average membrane potential of a cell

Na+

wants to enter a cell to reach equilibrium

K+

wants to leave a cell to reach equilibrium

simple diffusion

membrane transport system that does not involve any protein carriers or ATP; rate limiting factors include size and lipid solubility

facilitated diffusion

secondary active transport, uses protein carriers, no ATP. includes co-transporters and exchangers