Ch. 17 Endocrine System

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland?

Melatonin

The thyroid gland is located

immediately anterior to the trachea.

Which type of hormone requires a carrier protein in the blood?

Lipid-soluble hormone

Which hormone induces its target cells to take up glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose levels?

Insulin

Lipophilic hormones bind to_________ receptors of target cells.

intracellular

The posterior pituitary does not produce its own hormones but stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

true

A lack of dietary iodine can render the thyroid gland unable to synthesize TH. Without the negative feedback of TH, the anterior pituitary_________, ultimately resulting in the development of a goiter.

will increase the release of TSH

The part of the brain that functions as a “master control center” of the endocrine system is the

hypothalamus

Lipid-soluble hormones, such as progesterone, exert their effects by forming hormone-receptor complexes that

bind to DNA and initiate transcription.

Thyroid hormone's effects are to

increase metabolic rate and body temperature by increasing protein synthesis in target cells.

Excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults can cause

acromegaly

The metabolic condition called_________ results from the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas due to an autoimmune response.

Type 1 diabetes

The disease called _________ is caused by excessive secretion of glucocorticoids, and is characterized by redistribution of body fat to produce characteristic features such as "moon face."

Cushing syndrome

Protein hormones are

water-soluble

The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions.

true

The half-life of a hormone is

the time necessary to reduce the hormone concentration in the blood to half of what had been secreted.

Like PTH, calcitonin increases blood calcium levels.

false

To be a target cell for a particular hormone, the cell must have a specific receptor for that hormone.

true

Steroid hormones are lipids, derived from

cholesterol

Which hormone is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas?

Insulin

Intracellular signaling pathways within target cells are organized such that

each step allows for amplification of the signal where one molecule can activate many.

The release of hormones from the adrenal medulla is stimulated by

the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

Where is the pituitary gland located?

Within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

Cortisol binds to_________ receptors and has the effect of_________ blood glucose levels.

intracellular, raising

Steroids, peptides, and nucleic acids are the three classes of hormones.

false

When a chemical messenger helps initiate an inflammatory response by causing cellular changes in neighboring cells, it is demonstrating_________ signaling.

paracrine

In response to excessive amounts of hormone, a target cell may reduce its number of receptors for that hormone. This is an example of

down-regulation.

The reaction time for endocrine effects is generally measured in milliseconds.

false

The release of hormones from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by

adrenocorticotropic hormone.

Most hormones are made of chains of amino acids and are therefore

proteins

The two hormones released from the posterior pituitary are

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.

In response to high blood glucose, the pancreas releases insulin to enable glucose to enter body cells. When the blood glucose level returns to normal, insulin release stops. This is an example of regulation by

negative feedback

The pancreas is located_________ to the stomach, and it lies between the duodenum and the_________.

posterior, spleen

The hormone that increases the rate of glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the liver is

glucagon

Which lobe of the pituitary is larger and secretes more hormones?

Anterior pituitary

When the effects of water-soluble hormones on their target cells are considered, the hormone itself is

the first messenger.