BMS 305 Exam 4 head/neck

CN I

olfactory nerve

CN II

optic nerve

CN III

oculomotor nerve

CN IV

trochlear nerve

CN V

trigeminal nerve

CN VI

abducent nerve

CN VII

facial nerve

CN VIII

vestibulocochlear nerve

CN IX

glossopharyngeal nerve

CN X

vagus nerve

CN XI

accessory nerve

CN XII

hypoglossal nerve

function and foramen of CN I

\-special sense (olfaction)

\-cribriform plate

function and foramen of CN II

\-special sense (vision)

\-optic canal

function and foramen of CN III

\-motor (extraocular mm), parasympathetic (pupil constriction)

\-orbital fissure

function and foramen of CN IV

\-motor

\-orbital fissure

branches of CN V

\-V1: ophthalmic nerve

\-V2 maxillary nerve

\-V3 mandibular nerve

function and foramen of V1

\-general sensory of forehead, eyes and eyelids

\-orbital fissure

function and foramen of V2

\-general sensory of cheeks/upper teeth

\-round foramen into rostral alar foramen

function and foramen of V3

\-general sensory of lower jaw/temporal, motor (mastication)

\-oval foramen

function and foramen of CN VI

\-motor

\-orbital fissure

function and foramen of CN VII

\-general sensory (pinna), special sense (taste in rostral 2/3 tongue), motor (mm of facial expression and caudal belly of digastricus)

\-internal acoustic meatus through stylomastoid foramen

function and foramen of CN VIII

\-special sense (audition/vestibular sense)

\-internal acoustic meatus

function and foramen of CN IX

\-general/special sensory (taste) in caudal 1/3 of tongue, motor (pharyngeal mm), parasympathetic (salivary glands)

\-jugular foramen through tympano-occipital fissure

function and foramen of CN X

\-general sensory (ear canal, larynx, abdominal/thoracic viscera), special sense (taste in root of tongue), motor (laryngeal/pharyngeal/esophageal mm), parasympathetic (thoracic/abdominal viscera)

\-jugular foramen through tympano-occipital fissure

function and foramen of CN XI

\-motor to some neck muscles

\-jugular foramen through tympano-occipital fissure

function and foramen of CN XII

\
\-motor to tongue muscles

\-hypoglossal canal

sensory afferent nerves that affect taste

CN VII, IX, X

motor efferent nerves that control voluntary movement of extraocular mm

CN III, IV, VI

motor efferent nerves that control voluntary movement of pharynx/larynx mm

CN IX, X

autonomic motor efferent nerves that control lacrimal and salivary glands

CN VII, IX

the only autonomic function intrinsic to cranial nerves is...

parasympathetic

CN III, VII, IX, X

bones of the viscerocranium

nasal, incisive, maxillary, palatine, lacrimal, zygomatic, mandible

bones of the neurocranium

ethmoid, pterygoid, vomer, sphenoids, temporal, frontal, parietal, occipital

foramen found in the maxillary bones

infraorbital foramen/canal

processes found on caudal portion of mandible (dorsal to ventral)

\-coronoid process

\-condylar process

\-angular process (only in canines)

foramina found in the mandible

\
\-mental foramina (found in rostral portion of body)

\-mandibular foramen (found in caudal portion of body)

what bone contains the cribriform plate

ethmoid bone

foramina found in sphenoid complex

\-optic canal

\-orbital fissure

\-rostral caudal alar foramina (internally round foramen)

\-oval foramen

foramina found in temporal bone

\-internal/external acoustic meatus

\-stylomastoid foramen

foramina found in occipital bone

\-jugular foramen (found btwn temporal/occipital bb)

\-tympano-occipital fissure

\-hypoglossal canal

features of occipital bone

\-foramen magnum

\-occipital condyles

\-jugular processes

borders of nasal cavity

nostrils - nasal aperture- choanae

scrolled bones found in nasal cavity

conchae

feature of the skull found in large animals

supraorbital foramen (allows passage of supraorbital n, located just above zygomatic process of frontal bone)

skull features found only in equids

\-foramen lacerum (made up of jugular foramen, carotid canal, oval foramen)

\-facial crest (formed by zygomatic/maxilla bb, attachment for head mm)

skull features found only in bovids

\-facial tuberosity (more rostral than equine facial crest)

\-cornual process of the frontal bone (forms horns, contains cornual diverticulum of frontal sinus)

\-foramen orbitorotundum (made up of orbital fissure/round foramen)

salivary glands

parotid, mandibular, sublingual, zygomatic

lymphocenters of the skull

mandibular lymph node, retropharyngeal lymph node

muscles of facial expression

zygomaticus, orbicularis oris, orbicularis oculi, buccinator, frontalis, levator nasolabialis, platysma, rostral/caudal auricular mm

dorsal and ventral branches of CN VII

innervates buccinator, orbicularis oris, levator nasolabialis

branches of auriculopalpebral nerve and innervation

\-palpebral nerve, innervates orbicularis oculi and levator nasolabialis

\-rostral auricular nerve, innervates rostral auricular mm

caudal auricular nerve

innervates caudal auricular mm and platysma

branch of CN V1 in large animals

supraorbital nerve

branches of CN V3

buccal, lingual, inferior alveolar, mylohyoid

function and location of buccal nerve

\-somatosensation to cheek

\-found b/w pterygoid/temporalis mm

function of lingual nerve

sensory from rostral 2/3 of tongue

function and location of inferior alveolar nerve

\-sensory of lower teeth/gums

\-dives into mandibular foramen (emerges as mental nn for sensory to chin)

function of mylohyoid nerve

\-sensory from intermandibular space

\-motor to mylohyoideus/rostral belly of digastricus muscle

muscles of mastication

masseter, temporalis, pterygoid, digastricus

attachments of masseter muscle

zygomatic arch, masseteric fossa of mandible, ramus of mandible, angular process of mandible (carnivores only)

attachments of temporalis muscle

temporal fossa, coronoid process of mandible

attachments of pterygoid muscle

pterygopalatine fossa, coronoid process of mandible, angular process of mandible (only in carnivores)

attachments of digastricus muscle

jugular process of occipital bone, ventral border of mandible

modified tracheal rings of larynx

\-1 epiglottic cartilage

\-2 artyenoid cartilage

\-1 thyroid cartilage

\-1 cricoid cartilage

rima glottidis of the larynx

space between vocal cords through which air passes during respiration

ligaments of the larynx

\-cricothyroid ligament

\-cricotracheal ligament

\-vocal ligament

\-vestibular ligament

vocal ligament of the larynx

\-"true" vocal cord

\-from vocal process of arytenoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage

\-associated with vocalis m

vestibular ligament of the larynx

\-"false" vocal cord

\-from cuneiform process of arytenoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage

\-associated with ventricularis m

thyrohyoid membrane of the larynx

\-suspends the larynx

\-connects thyroid cartilage to hyoid bones

intrinsic muscles of the larynx

\-vocalis m

\-ventricularis m

\-cricothyroid m (lengthen/tense vocal cords)

\-dorsal/lateral cricoarytenoid mm (abduct/adduct vocal cords)

innervation of the larynx

all branches of CN X

\-cranial laryngeal n

\-recurrent laryngeal n

\-caudal laryngeal n

path of vagus nerve into caudal laryngeal n

\-leaves CN X within thorax and ascends cranially along the neck btwn esophagus and trachea

\-becomes caudal laryngeal as it arrives at laryngeal mm

bones of the hyoid apparatus

stylohyoid, thyrohyoid, basihyoid, ceratohyoid, epihyoid

hyoid muscles

extrinsic

\-sternohyoid, thyrohyoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid

intrinsic

\-ceratohyoid

in the neck

\-sternothyroideus, sternohyoideus

sections of the pharynx

\-nasopharynx (choanae to pharyngeal tonsils)

\-oropharynx (palatoglossal folds to epiglottis)

\-laryngoparhynx (epiglottis to esophagus)

structure that connects nasopharynx to middle ear

auditory tube

primary tonsils of domestic animals

\-palatine (in oropharynnx)

\-pharyngeal (in nasopharynx)

muscles of the pharynx

constrictors

\-palatopharyngeus, hyopharyngeus, thyropharyngeus, cricopharyngeus

dilator

\-stylopharyngeus

innervation of pharyngeal muscles

CN IX, X

cranial nerves involved in swallowing reflex

CN V, VII, IX, X, XII,

equine guttural pouch

diverticulum of the auditory tube

contents of equine guttural pouch

\-CN VII, IX, X, XI, XII

\-internal carotid artery

viborg's triangle boundaries

\-rostral: vertical border of mandibular ramus

\-dorsal: tendon insertion of sternocephalicus m

\-ventral: linguofacial vein

lobes of the cerebrum

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

sections of brainstem

(rostral to caudal)

diencephalon, mesencephalon, pons, medulla

meninges of the brain

\-dura mater (attaches to skull bone, no epidural space beneath)

\-arachnoid (subarachnoid space contaisn CSF)

\-pia mater (thin layer on brain surface)

dural reflections in the meninges

\-falx cerebri (btwn cerebral hemispheres in longitudinal fissure)

\-tenroirum cerebelli (within transverse fissure)

where is cerebrospinal fluid sampled from?

cisterna magna

where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?

\-choroid plexus (75%)

\-regular capillaries (25%)

pathway of cerebrospinal fluid

lateral ventricle, 3rd ventricle, mesencephalic aqueduct, 4th ventricle, subarachnoid space, absorbed into blood of dorsal sagittal sinus via arachnoid villi

where do facial veins drain into?

external jugular v

where do cerebral veins drain into?

dural venous sinuses, which drain into internal jugular v

venous drainage of the face

\-angularis oculi v (dorsal/medial aspects of face)

\-facial v (muszzle, most of superficial/lateral face)

\-lingual v (tongue, larynx, pharynx)

\-linguofacial v

\-maxillary v

\-external jugular v

arterial supply to the brain

internal carotid artery, vertebral artery

arterial supply to the face

external carotid artery

branches of the common carotid artery

\-internal/external carotid aa

\-occipital a

\-lingual a (supplies tongue)

\-facial a (supplies rostral face, salivary glands)

\-caudal auricular a

\-superficial temporal a

\-maxillary a (supplies deep facial structures/lower jaw)

pathway of the maxillary artery

\-enters caudal alar foramen and courses rostrad through alar canal

\-exits rostral alar foramen alongside CN V2

\-both structures travel rostrad to enter maxillary foramen to infraorbital canal, then exit via infraorbital foramen

blood-brain barrier

makes arteries of the brain impermeable, protects against infection

cerebral arterial circle

\-found on ventral aspect of brain, wrapping around CN II and stalk of the pituitary gland

\-contains internal carotid and vertebral aa