Soc Final

W.E.B. DuBois

Used rigorous sociological research and evidence as a means to create positive social change.

Perdue Farms, based in Salisbury, MD and owned by the Perdue family, is one of the largest poultry companies in the nation. Karl Marx would say the people who work on their chicken processing assembly lines are part of the _______, while the Perdue family itself is part of the ______.

proletariat; bourgeoisie

In class, we discussed the higher rates of suicide among veterans. Durkheim would argue that veterans are at high risk for:

Anomic and Egoistic

The stated purpose of getting a job is to make money to support yourself and/or family, but while there, people also end up making friends and socializing. Making friends while at work is an example of:

a latent function

Frank has only lived in the United States, but believes that other countries do things much better in regard to laws, policies, and cultural norms. His attitude can best be described as:

xenocentric

In class we listened to a radio segment about a language that has no words for left and right. Instead, they rely on directions (i.e. north, south, east, west). The narrator explained that by learning the language, she was better able to stay directionally oriented in her surroundings. This illustrates:

the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

The sociological imagination is:

the ability to see general social patterns in particular behavior.

The ability to see how the broader social context influences individual behavior.

You get on a small, tightly packed elevator. Suddenly the person next to you passes gas, loud noises and all - and they continue to do so for the whole ride. They have violated a:

folkway

You've been trying to get your three year old potty trained. Every time she goes in the toilet instead of on the floor, you tell her what a good girl she is for doing the right thing, and reward her with a small piece of candy. Your reinforcement of her is a:

sanction

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of Deaf culture?

\-Deaf history, literature, and folklore

\-Deaf sports

\-Sign language

\-An emphasis on eye contact and visual attention

\-All are aspects of Deaf culture

In the debates over required mask wearing, those who supported wearing masks argued that masks help to maintain order and keep our society working smoothly by slowing the spread of COVID. Those who were against mask wearing argued that masks were disruptive to society because they make it hard to breathe and make it more likely that people will touch their face as they move the mask around.

This example best illustrates:

Fuctionalism

Mulani's research examines whether or not sex and skin color affect the likelihood of being stopped by police, searched by police, and arrested. Presented in this statement are

two independent variables and three dependent variables

I'm conducting a survey and would like to measure student satisfaction with an event. To measure "satisfaction," I decide to create a question with 4 categories for people to choose from: a) Very Satisfied b) Satisfied d) Unsatisfied e) Very Unsatisfied. This is called:

operationalizing the variable

Kojo is interested in college success rates. He found in his research that higher income students graduate at much higher rates than lower income students. His friend Alicyn concludes that lower income students are being discriminated against in college. His friend Ali disagrees saying the findings show correlation but not causation. Kojo responds saying his findings show causation but not correlation. Who is correct?

Ali

Sociology is the scientific study of human behavior, social interaction, and social institutions.

True

Spoken language is an example of material culture

false

Deaf culture is a counterculture whose members oppose all aspects of the dominant culture

false

There are various individual and social factors that can contribute to obesity. The ability to identify personal, individual reasons for obesity (like a person making poor food choices), and connect them to social factors that affect the choices most people make (like the availability of affordable, healthy options) is a good example of the sociological imagination.

true

According to Durkheim's theory of suicide, a married person with children would be more likely than a single person without children to commit suicide.

false

Max weber was one of the earliest american sociologists to study social behavior systemically

false

Micheal Jackson's music is known in many countries all of the world. This is an example of cultural diffusion.

True

Field research is the go-to method for anthropologists

true

Research methods in the social sciences are not rigorous and systematic like they are in the natural sciences - that is, only natural sciences use the scientific method.

false

Survey research is a type of experiment

false

Close-ended questions usually produce quantitative data

true

We listened to a TED talk by a man who discussed what it meant to learn his tribe's Menominee language. That so many in his tribe no longer speak the language is due to cultural imperialism.

true

Socialization is:

The process of learning the norms and values of our culture and developing our sense of self

Our sense of self develops as we come to see ourselves through the eyes of other people. Children's play is particularly important for self-concept development because it's where we get a lot of practice putting ourselves in the "shoes" of others and seeing ourselves as others see us. This explanation captures the ideas of:

Mead's theory of self-concept development

and Cooley's looking-glass self

Define the looking glass self

The looking-glass self describes the process wherein individuals base their sense of self on how they believe others view them

A majority of Republicans in the general public believe Biden won the 2020 election by fraud, while a majority of Democrats believe he won fair and square. No amount of clear cut, undisputed evidence has changed this. This situation best illustrates:

the social construction of reality and the Thomas theorem

What is the Thomas Theorem?

If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences

Define Status and the two types

Statues- The responsibilities and benefits that a person experienced according to his or her rank and role in society.

Achieved- One a person chooses such as level of education or income.

Ascribed- The status outside of an individual's control such as sex or race.

Define social stratification

a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy, ranking nations into a hierarchy based on wealth is an example of this.

According to Weber, people who have similar amounts of wealth, income, education, and power and who work at jobs that are roughly comparable in prestige make up a:

social class

Which group in the United States has the greatest raw number of people in poverty?

the elderly

Deviance is defined as:

a violation of any rule or norm

The differential association theory of deviance is directly connected to our understanding of:

group conformity

According to Merton's strain theory, people may engage in deviant acts when:

strain results from lack of access to the institutionalized means to achieve cultural goals.

The recidivism rate in the U.S. state prison system is around _____, whereas in Norway the recidivism rate is around _____.

77%,20%

In Norway's prison system:

The maximum-security prisoners have keys to their cells.

Guards don't carry guns.

They feel that beyond the punishment of losing your freedom, criminals shouldn't be further punished with additional hardship in prison.

Restorative justice is when:

Perpetrators and victims work together to talk about the crime and determine what would help make up for (as much as possible) the harm done to the victim.

The concept of life chances refers to our:

odds (likelihood) of having access to a range of opportunities and experiences in life.

In terms of the U.S. social class structure I gave you in class, the majority of citizens fall into which social class categories?

lower middle class, working class, and working poor

American Indians in the U.S. were forced off their tribal lands, leading to downward social mobility. This is an example of:

American Indians in the U.S. were forced off their tribal lands, leading to downward social mobility. This is an example of:

Fen was born with female anatomy and she personally identifies with feminine gender role norms. Fen is an example of someone who is transgender.

false

The Asch experiment demonstrates that the pull to conform is strong, but people won't knowingly give wrong answers if an answer is obviously incorrect.

false

In his experiment, Milgram found that the average person will go along with an order to seriously harm someone for no reason other than being told by an authority figure to do so.

true

Oprah Winfrey grew up poor. Her life chances were negatively affected by her social class.

true

Based on functionalist arguments for stratification and the Davis-Moore thesis, the poor are responsible for their own poverty because they either do not work hard enough or simply don't have the talent to do better.

true

Leslie is extremely poor. She has no access to food, shelter or medicine. She doesn't have access to the basics for survival. This is an example of relative poverty.

false

In the U.S., social mobility is common. However, it's least likely to happen at the extremes - e.g., moving from poverty to great wealth or great wealth to poverty.

true

Some students cheat on examinations so they can graduate and later secure a good job. However, others do their best and don't cheat even though they're tired and stressed out. According to Merton, the students who don't cheat are considered innovators.

false

Ethan Couch killed four people and injured more after driving drunk and on drugs. He received no prison sentence; his attorneys argued that he was spoiled by his family's wealth and didn't know better. Conflict theorists would argue that because of Ethan's high social status, his sentence (probation and therapy) was lighter than many who have committed non-violent crimes.

true

The feminization of poverty refers to the fact that women, particularly those who are unmarried with children, are assumed to be poor even though they are just as likely as men to suffer from poverty.

false

Gender refers to the social expectations for our sex, like the idea that women wear make-up and dresses and men don't.

true

The gap between rich and poor in the U.S. generally continues to decrease.

false

Jamie Johnson inherited billions of dollars when he turned 21. He is a member of the family that owns Johnson & Johnson and their wealth has been passed down through generations. His family would be considered an "old money" family.

true

It's been shown that the death penalty serves as a deterrent to crime.

false

Which of the following men believed and wrote about the new idea (at that time) that you could study people and society using the scientific method?

Comte

A paradigm can be defined as:

Broad theoretical frameworks and perspectives that help to explain social life.

Jeremy wrote an essay criticizing the complexity and expense of the four year college admissions process. He argued that limited educational resources for lower income families makes admission difficult for many students, which increases social class inequality. Jeremy's argument is most consistent with which perspective?

Conflict Theory

A sociologist viewing food consumption through a _______perspective might be interested in the meanings attached to food when used for social rituals.

Symbolic interactionist

Political science teacher Mr. Jones asks his students to study how social media can influence public opinion by "following" famous activists, academics, and politicians on Twitter. While reading and exchanging each other's Tweets, some classmates became close friends. The creation of friendships is an example of the assignment's ____ function, while the academic goals are an example of the assignment's _____ function.

Latent, manifest

After weeks of protest in Zuccotti Park, New York city's "Occupy Wall Street" divided into two camps: one composed of higher income protesters, and one composed of lower-income protesters. A ______ would be most interested in the unequal power dynamics between higher income and lower income protesters.

conflict theorist

_ view society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of individuals who make up that society.

Structural functionalists

\\____ believed that the strength of our social connections to others is central to understanding societies.

Durkheim

According to Weber, the "iron cage" is:

When a person is trapped by institutions and bureaucracy, leading to the disillusionment with society

According to Marx:

the bourgeoisie own the means of production and exploit the proletariat.

Comte:

Was a positivist who popularized the term "sociology."

Marx:

Hoped workers would unite to create a classless (communist) society.

Durkheim:

Believed social order was a matter of moral duty, and people have a need to feel part of a cohesive group.

Weber:

Believed you can't lose site of the meaning and cultural influences underlying individual action.

DuBois:

Was one of the first American sociological theorists. He believed there's little point to sociological research if you're not going to put it to use.

Which answer below describes field work?

I'm using this method when I spend extensive time observing a particular community or group.

Interviews can be described as a type of survey research.

true

Which answer best describes experiments?

I use this method to test cause and effect relationships.

When I collect people's answers to questions on their opinions, beliefs, identities, or experiences, this can be described as secondary data analysis.

false

I design a survey to measure how much students like Carroll Community College. I distribute the survey only to students who are 18-21 years old. Turns out students love the college! For five years, I repeat this survey with 18-21 year olds and get the same results. This survey is valid, but not reliable.

false

"People who are tall get more respect than people who are short."

What is the independent variable in this hypothesis?

height

"People who are tall get more respect than people who are short."

What is the dependent variable?

respect

"The younger you are, the more clubs you belong to in college."

What is the independent variable in this hypothesis?

age

"The younger you are, the more clubs you belong to in college."

What is the dependent variable?

club membership

From a social science perspective, family:

serves as an econmonic unit