A&P test 4

This is the only organ that is actually part of the digestive tract. The rest are accessory organs.

a. salivary glands

b. pancreas

c. gallbladder

d. stomach

e. liver

d. stomach

This organ is unique because it receives blood from both an artery and a portal system.

a. pancreas

b. gallbladder

c. stomach

d. salivary glands

e. liver

e. liver.

This organ is unique because it is both an exocrine and endocrine gland (e.g. releases insulin).

a. liver

b. pancreas

c. stomach

d. salivary glands

e. gallbladder

b. pancreas

Losing this organ would impair our ability to bind food together, clean our teeth and stimulate taste buds.

a. pancreas

b. liver

c. gallbladder

d. stomach

e. salivary glands

e. salivary glands

The muscularis externa of this organ has an extra layer, which facilitates the mechanical breakdown of food.

a. pancreas

b. salivary glands

c. gallbladder

d. stomach

e. liver

d. stomach

Cholecystokinin acts on this storage organ to make it release bile into the small intestine.

a. salivary glands

b. gallbladder

c. stomach

d. pancreas

e. liver

b. gallbladder

The cells in this organ absorb nutrients, remove and degrade toxins, secrete proteins like albumin and make bile salts.

a. salivary glands

b. stomach

c. gallbladder

d. liver

e. pancreas

d. liver

Losing this organ would impair protein, carbohydrate and fat digestion, because it release digestive enzymes for all 3 of these nutrients.

a. stomach

b. liver

c. salivary glands

d. pancreas

e. gallbladder

d. pancreas

Which of the following is FALSE about digestive structures in the mouth?

a. The fauces is the posterior opening to the pharynx

b. Salivary glands secrete enzymes to start chemical digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins.

c. Infection of the parotid salivary gland causes painful swelling called "the mumps".

d. The oral fissure is the anterior opening between the lips

e. The labial frenulum attaches the lips to the gums

b. Salivary glands secrete enzymes to start chemical digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins.

Which of the following does NOT describe the pharyngoesophageal phase of swallowing?

a. Food bolus is pushed downward by contractions of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle.

b. Tongue compresses food against palate to form a bolus

c. Soft palate blocks the nasal cavity, and epiglottis blocks the larynx

d. Controlled by myenteric nerve plexus

e. Lower esophageal sphincter relaxes

b. Tongue compresses food against palate to form a bolus

Which of the following is TRUE about the stomach?

a. The largest area of the stomach is called the cardiac region

b. Only involved in chemical digestion of food, not mechanical digestion

c. Is unique in the digestive tract because it has 3 muscle layers in the muscularis externa

d. Only involved in mechanical digestion of food, not chemical digestion

c. Is unique in the digestive tract because it has 3 muscle layers in the muscularis externa

A patient who has undergone gastrectomy (removal of the stomach) may suffer from:

a. salmonella

b. inability to digest fats

c. pernicious anemia

d. duodenal ulcer

e. cirrhosis of the liver

c. pernicious anemia

What signals will cause the release of gastrin?

a. lowered pH in the stomach

b. elevated pH in the stomach

c. both elevated pH & the presence of oligopeptides in the stomach

d. both lowered pH & the presence of oligopeptides in the stomach

e. presence of oligopeptides in the stomach

c. both elevated pH & the presence of oligopeptides in the stomach

The small intestine has a very large absorptive surface associated with all these structures EXCEPT.

a. intestinal length

b. villi

c. microvilli

d. rugae

e. circular folds (plicae circularis)

d. rugae

Secretin and cholecystokinin are secreted, inhibiting gastric secretion

a. cephalic phase

b. gastric phase

c. intestinal phase

c. intestinal phase

The shorter myenteric reflex and the longer vagovagal reflex cause the secretion of acetylcholine, histamine, gastrin.

a. cephalic phase

b. gastric phase

c. intestinal phase

b. gastric phase

The enterogastric reflex inhibits the vagovagal reflex and stimulates the sympathetic nervous system

a. cephalic phase

b. gastric phase

c. intestinal phase

c. intestinal phase

Stimulated by increased pH and stretching of the stomach walls

a. cephalic phase

b. gastric phase

c. intestinal phase

b. gastric phase

Stimulated by the site and smell of food

a. cephalic phase

b. gastric phase

c. intestinal phase

a. cephalic phase

Amino acids and monosaccharides are absorbed in the ________, and fatty acids are absorbed in the______________.

a. Lacteals in the small intestinal villi; capillaries in small intestinal villi

b. Capillaries in small intestinal villi; lacteals in small intestinal villi

c. Hepatic portal system; blood capillaries

d. Lymphatic system; lacteals

b. Capillaries in small intestinal villi; lacteals in small intestinal villi

Which of the following CORRECTLY pairs the organs with their functions?

a. small intestine - Reabsorbs only water& electrolytes, compacts food residue into feces

b. gallbladder - The cells in this organ produce a mixture of bile salts, bilirubin, and cholesterol to emulsify fatty acids

c. pancreas - Release zymogens (proteases that will digest proteins) and bicarbonate to buffer stomach acid

d. liver - Contains brush border enzymes that are used for digesting carbohydrates and proteins

e. large intestine - Stores and concentrates the bile

c. pancreas - Release zymogens (proteases that will digest proteins) and bicarbonate to buffer stomach acid

Most of the absorption of nutrients takes place in:

a. the duodenum

b. the jejunum

c. the stomach

d. the colon

e. the ileum

b. the jejunum

Which layer of the digestive tract is at risk of developing ulcers and inflammation, known as Crohn's Disease?

a. Mucosa (including lamina propria and muscularis mucosa)

b. Serosa

c. Muscular externa

d. Submucosa

a. Mucosa (including lamina propria and muscularis mucosa)

Our "homeostatic set point" for body weight is controlled mostly by our genes, and we can't do anything to change it.

true or false

false

Obesity is NOT a big problem in the United States as it was 25 years ago.

true or false

false

We want our HDL to be_______ because ____________.

a. Low: This indicates that cholesterol is being removed from the body

b. High; This indicates that cholesterol is being removed from the body

c. Low; High levels indicate that body cholesterol levels are getting too high

d. High; High levels indicate that body cholesterol levels are getting too high

b. High; This indicates that cholesterol is being removed from the body

The hormone_____ is a short-term regulator of appetite, secreted from an empty stomach and produces a sense of hunger.

a. ghrelin

b. leptin

c. peptide YY (PYY)

d. cholecystokinin (CCK)

a. ghrelin

There are 2 short-term regulators that make us feel satiated so that we stop eating. _______ is secreted from the ileum and colon, senses the arrival of food and signals termination of eating. _____ is secreted from the duodenum and jejunum and suppresses appetite.

a. Peptide YY (PYY); Ghrelin

b. Ghrelin; Peptide YY (PYY)

c. Peptide YY (PYY); Cholecystokinin (CCK)

d. Cholecystokinin (CCK); Ghrelin

c. Peptide YY (PYY); Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Obese individuals are more likely to have a defective receptor for this long-term regulator of appetite, which is secreted from adipocytes and is the brain's way of knowing fat levels.

a. peptide YY (PYY)

b. leptin

c. insulin

d. cholecystokinin (CKK)

e. ghrelin

b. leptin

The arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus has receptors for both short- and long-term regulators of appetite. When Ghrelin binds to these hypothalamic receptors, the hypothalamus will secrete____which is an appetite_______.

a. melanocortin; suppressant

b. melanocortin; stimulant

c. neuropeptide Y (NPY); stimulant

d. neuropeptide Y (NPY); suppressant

c. neuropeptide Y (NPY); stimulant

Starting material is acetyl CoA

a. citric acid cycle

b. glycolysis

c. electron transport

d. anaerobic fermentation

a. citric acid cycle

End products = 6 CO2, 8 NADH + 8 H+, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP.

a. citric acid cycle

b. glycolysis

c. electron transport

d. anaerobic fermentation

a. citric acid cycle

End products = 2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 NADH + 2 H+, 2 ATP.

a. citric acid cycle

b. glycolysis

c. electron transport

d. anaerobic fermentation

b. glycolysis

Fructose 1,6-diphosphate splits into 2 molecules of phosphoglyceraldehyde

a. citric acid cycle

b. glycolysis

c. electron transport

d. anaerobic fermentation

b. glycolysis

Occurs in the absence of oxygen to make energy.

a. citric acid cycle

b. glycolysis

c. electron transport

d. anaerobic fermentation

d. anaerobic fermentation

End products = 2 molecules of lactic acid, 2 NAD+, 2 ATP

a. citric acid cycle

b. glycolysis

c. electron transport

d. anaerobic fermentation

d. anaerobic fermentation

After fats have been emulsified and broken down by digestive enzymes, __________ transport them from the lumen of the small intestines to the absorptive cells (enterocytes) of the small intestine.

a. chylomicrons

b. VLDL

c. HDL

d. LDL

e. micelles

e. micelles

_______ are created inside the absorptive cells of the small intestine to transport dietary lipids to the rest of the body.

a. micelles

b. MDL

c. LDL

d. chylomicrons

e. VLDL

d. chylomicrons

Catabolic reactions occur when______.

a. Smaller molecules are used to build larger molecules, such as using amino acids to create a new protein.

b. One molecule gives an electron to another, such as hydrogen losing an electron to NAD+

c. One molecule takes an electron from another, such as FAD gaining an electron form hydrogen

d. Larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules, such as breaking down starch to maltose.

d. Larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules, such as breaking down starch to maltose.

During the cephalic phase of regulation, vagus nerve fibers from the medulla oblongata stimulate gastric secretions.

true or false

true

Proteins must be emulsified with bile salts before they can be digested.

true or false

false

During the gastric phase of regulation, the vagovagal reflex is inhibited.

true or false

false

The only long-term way to satisfy hunger occurs when nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream.

true or false

true

If your doctor checks your cholesterol, he/she will want to see low LDL levels, and overall cholesterol should be under 200 mg/dL.

true or false

true

Lipid digestion begins with lingual lipase.

true or false

true

The cephalic and gastric phases of regulation will both inhibit secretion of HCL and gastrin, but the intestinal phase will stimulate these secretions.

true or false

false

Loss of chief cells in the stomach would impair our ability to absorb vitamin B12, resulting in an inability to make hemoglobin called pernicious anemia.

true or false

false

Gastric glands (in the corpus of the stomach) contain chief cells, whereas cardiac glands (in the cardia) do not.

true or false

true

Very little (only about 10- 15%) of lipid digestion occurs outside the small intestine because lipids require emulsification.

true or false

true

Chyme passes through the large intestine in the following order:

cecum ---> descending colon ---> transverse colon ---> ascending colon---> rectum ---> sigmoid colon ---> anal canal.

true or false

false