Hypothesis Testing Concepts

These flashcards cover key concepts related to hypothesis testing, including definitions, methods, and important statistical terms.

What is the main goal of hypothesis testing for the mean?

To infer the value of a population mean from sample data.

What does a high probability of a sample mean suggest about the population mean?

It suggests that the sample mean will likely be close to the population mean.

What is the first step in the hypothesis testing process?

State the null hypothesis (H0).

What is the critical value approach in hypothesis testing?

It involves calculating a test statistic and comparing it to a critical value to decide whether to reject the null hypothesis.

When using a t-test for small samples, what condition must be met?

The sample size must be less than 30 (n<30).

What is the significance level usually denoted as?

α (alpha).

What hypothesis depicts that the population mean is not equal to a certain value?

The alternative hypothesis (Ha) suggests that the population mean is different from the specified value.

In a two-sample difference of means test, what are the two types of samples?

Independent samples and paired samples.

How is the Z-test different from the t-test?

The Z-test is used for large samples (n≥30), while the t-test is generally used for small samples.

What does a p-value represent in hypothesis testing?

The probability of observing the test results under the null hypothesis.

What is concluded if the calculated p-value is less than the significance level (p ≤ α)?

Reject the null hypothesis.

What does the phrase 'If P is low, the null must go' signify?

It indicates that when the p-value is low, we reject the null hypothesis.

In hypothesis testing for population proportions, what does H0 state if testing the proportion of male births?

H0: p0 = 0.5 (the proportion of male births is 0.5).

What are 'paired samples' in the context of hypothesis testing?

Samples where individuals are measured twice, such as before and after a treatment.

What does the rejection region indicate in hypothesis testing?

It is the area where, if the test statistic falls, we reject the null hypothesis.

What is the decision step in hypothesis testing?

The step where you decide whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis based on the test statistic and critical value or p-value.

What happens to the t distribution as the sample size increases?

The t distribution approaches the normal distribution (Z distribution).