AP World Unit 4 Review

What type of advancements in technologies helped Europe become an imperial power?

1. New ships (fluyts, carraiks, and caravels) which were smaller and therefore faster and more nimble on the seas.

2. Lateen Sails (they could harness wind from all directions

3. Improved Astronomical Charts

4. Astrolabe and Magnetic Compasses

What was the Colombian Exchange?

The biological exchange of animals, people, food, and disease.

What sparked the Colombian Exchange?

Europeans, namely Christopher Columbus, traveling through the Atlantic Ocean and discovered the Americas.

Exchange of Disease 

Ex: Europeans spreading smallpox to the Americas (which wiped out 50-90% of their native population) and the Americas spreading syphilis to Europeans.

Exchange of Products

Ex: Europe introduced sugar and horses to the Americas while the Americas sent potatoes, maize (corn), and guinea pigs.

What were the types of Coerced Labor?

1. The Enconmienda System

2. Hacienda

3. Mit’a System

4. Indentured Servitude

5. Chattel Slavery

Encomienda System

Spanish conquistadors were tasked with protecting a group of natives who in return were forced to work in their lands.

Hacienda

Spanish landowners turned their encomiendas, or land grants, into huge plantations where the natives did the work.

Mit’a System

Adopted from the Incas, the Spanish coerced men to do labor for them for a specific amount of time (for personal gain).

Indentured Servitude

Used by the British where servants were bound to work only 7 years, then they could roam free (which the British didn't like).

Chattel (property) Slavery

Enslaved people who were “property” for life who were from Africa who were shipped to different lands.

Mercantilism

A dominant economic system in which promotes the mindset where there is only one fixed amount of wealth (gold and silver) in the world. The idea was to export/produce more goods than were being bought/imported.

Colonies

Sole purpose was to provide raw materials for a mother country so they could increase their amount for exports.

Trading Post Empires

First used by the Portuguese where a country would set up trading post along coasts or in strategic locations. 

Portuguese Trading Posts

Stationed along the coast of Africa to which led them to becoming a major player in the Indian Ocean trade network.

Joint-Stock Companies 

Was a way to fund private investors who share like financial burden of the exploration among themselves.

The Casta System

Way of organizing society based on ancestry and race.