Chapter 14: Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Mutualism

________ is a type of symbiosis that benefits both organisms.

Chickenpox

________ and measles are also examples of contagious diseases, that is, diseases that are very communicable and capable of spreading easily and rapidly from one person to another.

Foodborne transmission

________ frequently occurs because of cross- contamination, the transfer of pathogens from one food to another.

Pathology

________ is first concerned with the cause, or etiology, of disease.

nent residence

The microorganisms that establish more or less perma- ________ (colonize) but that do not produce disease under normal conditions are members of the bodys normal microbiota.

Microbes

________ such as E. coli are called opportunistic pathogens.

patient

The ________ can also exhibit signs, which are objective changes the physician can observe and measure.

Experimental epidemiology

________ begins with a hypothesis about a particular disease; experiments to test the hypothesis are then conducted.

Diseases

________ that occur primarily in wild and domestic animals and can be transmitted to humans are called zoonoses.

normal microbiota

The relationship between the ________ and the host illustrates symbiosis, a relationship between two organisms in which at least one organism is dependent on the other.

Infection

________ is the invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microorganisms; disease occurs when a(n) ________ results in any change from a state of health.

Universal precautions

________ are employed to reduce the transmission of microbes in health care and residen- tial settings.

Descriptive epidemiology entails

________ collecting all data that describe the occurrence of the disease under study.

standard precautions

Transmission- based precautions are procedures designed to supplement ________ in individuals with known or suspected infections that are highly transmissible or epidemiologically important pathogens.

Pathology

________ is the scientific study of disease.

foodborne transmission

In ________, pathogens are generally transmitted in foods that are incompletely cooked, poorly refrigerated, or prepared under unsanitary conditions.