modern world history: Sci. Rev. & Enlightenment

Galileo

-built the first telescope

-proved the Heliocentric theory

-laws of inertia

Copernicus

-leader of the scientific revolution

-developed the Heliocentric theory

Kepler

-planetary motions theory; concept that planets move in elliptical orbits.

Newton

-theory of gravity

-developed calculus

-"greatest genius"

Priestly

discovered oxygen properties of CO2

Hooke

discovered the cell

Vesalius

-studied human anatomy, wrote On the Fabric of the Human Body

Boyle

-father of modern chemistry

-developed idea of controlled experiments

-proved air was a mixture of several gases

Janssen

invented the first microscope

Harvey

discovered that blood circulates through the body

Hobbes

-social contract that meant people would GIVE UP their freedom

-believed the best form of government was an Absolute Monarchy

Locke

-enlightenment influenced by his ideas

-believed people had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property.

-believed the government had to protect those rights, or people should rebel

Montesqieu

enlightenment thinker, believed in three branches of government

Voltaire

-advocate for free thought and tolerance

-spent 2 prison terms in Bastille for mocking the church

Diderot

editor and writer of the encyclopedia

Smith

-wrote the Wealth of Nations

-supported laissez-faire

-protect society from invasion, defend citizens from injustice, and keep up public works citizens couldn't afford

Wollstonecraft

-first feminist; argued for women's rights and rights to participate in government

-wrote a Vindication of the Rights of Women

Rousseau

-wrote social contract that people are obligated to freedom and emotion

-believed a legitimate government rules with consent of its people

What was the role of salons during the Enlightenment?

social gatherings with engaging conversations consisting of new ideas (hosted by wealthy and influential women)

Geocentric Theory

Theory that the earth is the center of the Universe

Heliocentric Theory

Theory that the sun is at the center of the universe. NOT supported by the catholic church.

What were the characteristics of Baroque music?

developed in late 1600's, early 1700's; odd styled music noted for its drama and complexity with 2 musical techniques: fugue and counterpoint

Who were the baroque composers?

Bach and Handel

What were the characteristics of Classical music?

1750-1820; symphony, concerto dominate music consisting of unity, clarity, and balance

Who were the classical composers?

Mozart(child prodigy), Haydn(father of symphony), Beethoven(greatest European composer of all time)

Which Enlightenment thinker inspired future lower class people to rebel against unfair government treatment

Rousseau

What were enlightened despots?

european monarchs who accepted and used the Enlightenment's ideas to rule fairly

Were the enlightened despots always successful in their practices?

no

Who were Enlightened Despots?

absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change

What form of government did Thomas Hobbes believe was the best type of government?

an absolute monarchy

What city was the most active during the time of the Enlightenment? Why?

paris; it had a poor government, so people were motivated to change it with their own ideas and wanted to be proactive and progressive to fairly adjust the french governmnent. it also had many salons

Adam Smith said the government had three roles to protect:

protect society from invasion, defend citizens from injustice, and keep up public works for citizens

Rene Descartes' famous quote was:

"I think, therefor I am."

The Declaration of Independence was based off of which Enlightenment thinkers ideas?

John Locke

Explain Montesquieu's 3 branches of government:

executive- king carried out and enforced laws

legislative- parliament had lawmaking power

judicial- interpreted laws and judged when broken

Who is considered the leader of the scientific revolution? What was he able to prove?

nicolaus copernicus developed the heliocentric theory and that the earth rotated on its axis; however he did not have the tools to prove it

What does Adam Smith's term laissez-faire mean?

translated to "allow to do"- policy of minimum governmental interference in the economic affairs of individuals and society

What did Rousseau believe the best form of government was?

direct democracy- he only form of government that Rousseau believed would give expression to humanity's innate freedom and autonomy

Which scientific revolution person wrote On The Fabric of the Human Body?

andrea vesalius

What does John Locke's idea of government suggest of people in society?

believed people had a natural ability to govern their own affiars and look after the welfare of society

What were the steps of Bacon's scientific method?

observation, hypothesis, experimentation, conclusion

The early philosophes had five main ideas to their thinking? List them and explain them.

reason- facts and evidence for belief

nature- human nature and balance for rights

happiness- be happy in everyday life

progress- change and make things better

liberty- freedom

How did Voltaire, Rousseau, Locke, and Montesquieu impact the American Revolution or development of the U.S. Constitution?

voltaire- social reform

rousseau- equality within society

locke- legitimate government w/ consent of people

montesquieu- separation of powers(3 branches)

Voltaire was an enlightenment philosopher that defended most strongly : ____________________ and _______________________

free thought and tolerance