AP Psychology Test 2/26

Attribution Patterns of Thought

Emma and Jake are both students in an AP Psychology class. They recently took a difficult exam. Emma received a low score and blamed it on the test being too tricky and unfair. Jake, who also received a low score, blamed it on not studying enough and not paying attention in class.

B) Emma: External attribution; Jake: Internal attribution.

The MMPI differs from other personality tests because it is:

Designed to assess abnormal behavior and personality traits

Rufus wanted to go to college after high school, but he did not go because he was afraid it would be too much work. For years he has considered going to college but he still fears that it will be too hard. Eventually he feels so unhappy that he goes to see a therapist, who follows the theory of humanistic personality. The therapist is most likely to explain Rufus's unhappiness as being a result of

a mismatch between his ideal self and real self

Certain cultures often place more emphasis on group instead of personal achievement. One result of this may be that people of these cultures are more likely to develop which type of self system?

Collectivist

Jessica completes a test that measures her levels of extraversion, agreeableness, and openness to experience. This test is an example of:

A personality inventory

Andy is softhearted, good-natured, trusting, helpful, forgiving, gullible, and straightforward. Based on these characteristics, he is most likely to score high on which of the Big Five trait measures?

Agreeableness

John is generally pleasant, but during final exams he experiences more intense stress than other students experience. He is irritable and easily frustrated. According to the Big Five model of personality, John would be

high in neuroticism

Jack volunteers to help homeless people in his community because he feels it's his purpose to serve a cause larger than himself. Jack is demonstrating:

Self-transcendence

The mutual influence of external stimuli and cognitive processes in regulating behavior is known as

reciprocal determinism

Jordan feels torn between the desire to spend money impulsively on a luxury item and the need to save for future expenses. This conflict represents the struggle between:

Id and superego

Ms. Fox conducted a study to see if there was a relationship between the Big Five trait of conscientiousness and final grades in her class.

She randomly sampled data from seven students, whose conscientiousness scores and final grades are indicated in the table. Which of the following graphs best depicts the results of Ms. Fox's study?

Alicia has started a new and very different job but believes in her skills and ability to carry out the tasks required of her. A social-cognitive psychologist would refer to Alicia's sense of confidence as which of the following?

Self-efficacy

An important difference between humanistic and psychoanalytic approaches is that humanistic psychologists believe in the importance of

free will

Michael states that his friend Scott is cheap. Michael does not realize he himself is cheap. If Scott is not cheap, which of the following defense mechanisms is Michael using?

Projection

Eleanor is interested in measuring how personalities differ. She statistically analyzes responses to personality surveys to determine what aspects of personality can best explain how people differ. Which of the following is the best theory of personality to explain Eleanor's work?

Trait

Which scenario best illustrates an individualistic cultural value?

Jake prioritizes his own ambitions and sets career goals that align with his personal interests.

According to the psychodynamic perspective, which of the following processes best explains why people use defense mechanisms?

To protect the ego

An empirically derived test is created by:

Identifying patterns from testing a large pool of items and selecting those that differentiate groups

One feature that distinguishes the person-centered approach to personality development from behaviorist approaches to personality development is that the person-centered approach suggests which of the following?

Personality is shaped by unconditional love and support for children's behavior, whereas behaviorist approaches suggest that personality is conditioned through rewards and punishments.

Dr. Patel is conducting a study to test whether a hair-growth shampoo she is developing helps people have higher self-esteem. She instructs fifty participants to use the hair-growth shampoo once daily for a month and another fifty to use a regular shampoo once a day for a month. Dr. Patel measures the participants' self-esteem at the beginning and the end of the thirty days. Which of the following is the dependent variable?

Self-esteem

Alex resists the temptation to eat an entire cake because he remembers his diet goals and social norms about overeating. This behavior is guided by his:

Superego

Jung believed that myths and symbols shared across cultures stem from:

The collective unconscious

Which of the following best defines personality?

A stable pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make a person unique

Tom's punctuality and discipline at work are explained by his history of receiving rewards for being on time. This explanation reflects:

Behavioral approach to personality

Zeeshan read online that many adults have trouble with adult friendships because of unconscious feelings about childhood traumas they experienced. The belief that human behavior is the result of unconscious drives and conflicts represents which of the following theoretical perspectives?

Psychoanalytic

Dr. Emerson is seeing a patient named Nandini who is currently going through a divorce. She has moved out of her house and is staying on a friend's couch. While she is going through this, Nandini is struggling to find meaning in her life. Which of the following would be an explanation for Nandini's dissatisfaction with life from a humanistic psychologist?

Nandini has not fulfilled basic needs (shelter, relationships, love), and thus cannot fulfill higher levels of needs

Paris tends to view personality as fairly stable and therefore her personality is more stable, whereas Lane tends to view personality as fairly changeable and therefore her personality is more changeable. These differences in attitudes and personality are most consistent with which of the following theories?

Social cognitive view of personality

Bella takes a test to develop an inventory of different aspects of her personality. She hopes to better understand herself and the kind of person she is. The test is most in line with which of the following theories?

Trait theory of personality

Nick admitted to his parents that he was not working to his potential in his academics and sports. Even though his parents were disappointed, instead of yelling at Nick, they accepted him and wanted to help him work through his feelings. His parents' behavior exemplified by which of the following?

Unconditional positive regard

The ego primarily works to:

Balance the id's desires and the superego's moral standards

The concept of "the self" in psychology primarily refers to:

One's thoughts, feelings, and perceptions about oneself

The psychoanalytic concept of repression suggests a difficulty in the functioning of which aspect of memory?

Retrieval

After tripping in front of a crowd, Jenna believes everyone noticed and is judging her, even though most people didn't see it happen. This is an example of:

Spotlight effect

A statistical technique that would allow a researcher to cluster such traits as being talkative, social, and adventurous with extroversion is called

factor analysis

Narcissism

Self-concept

Liam is a high school student who describes himself as a hardworking and friendly person. He takes pride in his ability to help others and considers himself a good student. Even when he struggles in a subject, he still sees himself as intelligent and capable of improving.

Self-concept.

Defense mechanism for eating cake

Emma is on a strict diet but ends up eating a large slice of cake. Instead of feeling guilty, she tells herself, "I had a stressful day, so I deserve this treat!"

Rationalization.

Transforming frustrated urges, especially sexual urges, into more socially acceptable forms of behavior is the defense mechanism known as

sublimation

Which of the following summarizes the Big Five theory of personality?

People can be described by five higher-order traits that reflect most aspects of personality.

The psychodynamic perspective proposes that dream analysis is a useful device for which of the following?

gaining insight into unconscious motives

Projective Personality

Which of the following best represents the humanistic perspective on personality?

Personality develops through striving for self-fulfillment and growth.

The rationale underlying the use of projective personality tests, such as the Rorschach Test and the Thematic Apperception Test, is that they

reveal the subjects' personalities by eliciting responses to vague, ambiguous stimuli

Which of the following approaches to treating psychological disorders includes free association and dream analysis?

Psychodynamic

After reading a news article about death, John becomes more patriotic and expresses stronger religious beliefs. This behavior is best explained by:

Terror-management theory