Human Sexuality Final

Sexual Dimorphism

being either male or female

does sexual dimorphism account for variations among human bodies?

no

What is intersexuality?

being biologically between typical male and female

What is congenital intersexuality?

having atypical prenatal sex differentiation

what does congenital intersexuality involve?

chromosomal, genital, and gonadal variation

Is hermaphrodite still an acceptable term for intersexuality?

no

How can congenital intersexuality present?

externally appear one sex ,internally possess other sex organs

can intersexuality be a gender identity?

yes

What is an example of cultures that recognize more than two genders?

Two Spirits and Hijras

What intersex variation did model Caroline "Tula" Cossey have?

Klienfelters' Syndrome (XXY)

What is the chromosomal sex of someone with Kleinfelter's Syndrome?

XXY

What is the anatomy and fertility of someone with Kleinfelter's Syndrome?

typically male with undersized penis, tall, sterile

What treatment can be provided to individuals with Kleinfelter's Syndrome?

hormone treatment to help with male secondary sex characteristics

What gender identity typically presents with Kleinfelter's Syndrome?

male with some confusion or dysphoria

What is the chromosomal sex of someone with Turner's Syndrome?

XO

What is the anatomy of someone with Turner's Syndrome?

female genitalia, short, hormone treatment needed for breast development

What is the fertility of someone with Turner's Syndrome?

sterile, no mensural cycle, incomplete or no reproductive organs

What is the gender identity of someone with Turner's Syndrome?

Female

What is Turner's Syndrome significant?

increased understanding of how gender identity develops

What is the chromosomal sex of someone with Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)?

XY but faulty Y chromosome

What is the anatomy and fertility of someone with AIS?

female with shallow vagina, infertile

What is the gender identity of someone with AIS?

female, insensitive to androgens

What is the chromosomal sex of someone with DHT deficiency?

XY (male)

What is the anatomy and fertility of someone with DHT deficiency?

Ambiguous, often more female, may change at puberty, sterile

What is the gender identity of someone with DHT deficiency?

female before puberty male after

What is the chromosomal sex of a Fetally Androgenized Female (Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia)?

XX

What is the anatomy and fertility of someone with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia?

Ambiguous, more male-like, fertile

What is the gender identity of someone with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia?

often female but dissatisfied with this identity

What does Guevedoces roughly translate to?

penis at 12

What causes Guevedoces?

5-alpha reductase defiicency

What is the chromosomal sex of someone with Guevedoces?

XY

What is the anatomy and fertility of someone with Guevedoces?

ambiguious, lack of DHT, slightly more male than female, fertile

What is the gender identity of someone with Guevedoces?

individualized

What is biological sex?

assigned at birth, what is between the legs

What is gender?

psychosocial meaning of maleness and femaleness

What is binary sex?

biological male or female

Is biological sex realistic?

No, it is more complex and variable than the binary assumption

Do labels influence gender assumptions?

yes

What are typical external genitalia for XY chromosomes?

penis and testicles

Does biology play a role in the variations of gender identity?

yes

What is typical external genitalia for XX chromosomes?

clitoris and vagina

What are the chromosomal typical binary sexes?

XX and XY

What are typical hormonal presences for females and males?

estrogen and testosterone

What are atypical hormonal presences?

variations in levels of estrogen or testosterone

What are atypical variations of the chromosomal sexes?

XXY, XO, mosaicism, chimerism

What are the reproductive structures for individuals with XY chromosomes?

sperm production structures

What are the reproductive structures for individuals with XX chromosomes?

ovaries, uterus, etc.

What are atypical reproductive structures?

two uteruses, other variations from typical

What was previously believed about the binary genders and the brain?

either XX or XY brains

What has recent research brought to light about the brain and chromosomal sex?

mosaic brain, possess levels of male and female traits

Does gender identity always alight with how gender is expressed or not expressed?

no

What does transgender mean?

gender identity is incongruent with their biological sex

What does cisgender mean?

gender identity same as biological sex assigned at birth

Is the term "trans-sexual" appropriate to describe someone who is transgender?

no, it is outdated

what is gender-affirming care?

health services helping transgender and non-binary people express their true selves

What are the first steps of gender-affirming care?

exploring identity, clearance from doctor, pronouns and legal documentation updates

What are puberty blockers?

medicines used to postpone puberty in children

what is an example of a puberty blocker?

gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists

How do puberty blockers work?

suppress the natural production of sex hormones such as androgens and estrogens

What is gender dysphoria?

feeling of stress or discomfort when gender identity differs from biological sex

What is androgyny?

having masculine and feminine characteristics through gender expression or biological sex

How does culture influence gender roles?

cultures differ in attitudes and expectations of the biological sexes

How do power, stereotypes and control play a significant role in gender roles?

traditional notions of masculinity and femininity are reinforced often placing men with power and authority

What are the major social institutions that influence gender roles?

media, family, schools, religion

What is a term to describe a person whose gender identity, expression or role differs from cultural expectations for their assigned sex

gender non-conforming

What is gender nonconformity?

What is "sex work"?

exchange of sexual services for material compensation

What is another term to describe sex workers and how does it differ?

prostitutes, it is offensive

How are sex workers exploited?

coercion, physical and sexual violence, manipulation by pimps, little to no compensation

How does survival sex explain sex work?

exchange of sex for food, money, shelter, medication

Who was the guest speaker for Human Trafficking?

Detective collins with the sacramento police department

What is sex trafficking?

illegally using individuals for sexual exploitation (transportation not necessarily involved)

What is human trafficking?

use of force, coercion, fraud, threats or force to obtain a benefit from some type of labor or commercial sex act

What is the most common recruiting ground for traffickers?

social media

What are some common recruiting grounds for traffickers?

clubs and bars, schools, transportation hubs ie airports and bus stops

What is the victim profile for traffickers?

low self-esteem, history of abuse, neglect at home, foster/group homes, runaway, survival, shame, addiction, desire for home/affection

What are the best practices for law enforcement when dealing with victims of sex trafficking?

show concern, offer help, acknowledge possible previous negative experiences with cops, might take several tries

Will arresting a pimp always help facilitate a victims exit?

no, the might not self-report either for fear of repercussion from employer

What are some tactics of traffickers?

relationship building, isolation, branding, threats, fear and coercion

What is the consumer demand, wholesale-level demand and supply in sex trafficking?

consumers of commercial sex, pimps/traffickers, survivors of sexual exploitation

what is sex trafficking driven by?

demand

What percent of buyers of commercial sex are male?

99%

What percent of men report buying sex in their lifetime?

20%

How much money is the sex trafficking industry?

5.7 billion

What is a victim centered approach when combatting sex trafficking?

making sure victims needs are met and giving no judgement

Are victims of sex trafficking prosecuted by Sacramento Police?

no, aim is to identify and arrest pimps

What does CASH stand for in sex trafficking?

Coercion, abuse, sexual exploitation and human trafficking

what does CASH represent in human trafficking?

elements used by traffickers to control and exploit victims

Is legalizing prostitution a solution?

no it increases human trafficking and pimping

What is sexual coercion?

acts of sexual violence committed against an unwilling or incapacitated individual

What is used in sexual coercion?

psychological/ emotional force, physical force, alcohol/drugsW

What does psychological/emotional force entail?

intimidation, pressure, manipulation, trickery

what is molestation?

sex or sexual acts with a child by an adult or older child

what is sexual exploitation?

when someone needs money, necessities for life etc. in exchange for sex

What are the forms of sexual violence?

abuse, assault or rape, harassment, stalking, indecent exposure, degrading imagery, voyeurism, cyber harassment, trafficking, exploitation

What is the current legal definition of rape?

penetration no matter how slight of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, oral penetration by a sex organ of another person without consent

How does the current definition of rape differ from the original definition?

allows for rape to be more widely reported and easily prosecuted

When the legal definition of rape was revised did the number of rapes increase?

No, the number of reports did

Are statistics regarding rape under reported?

yes, stigma especially with men

Is marital/spousal/partner rape taken seriously?

no, widely believed that marriage means consent to sex acts always