bio exam final!

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108 Terms

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What characteristics define life?
Cells, energy, growth, reproduction, adaptation
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What are biological levels of organization?
Atoms,molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
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What is taxonomy?
Classification of organisms
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What is binomial nomenclature?
System of naming species of living things
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Two names
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What are the 3 domains?
Archaea, bacteria, eukarya
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What are the 4 major groups within eukarya?
Protista, fungi,animalia, plantae
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Major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Prokaryotes-less organelles,binary fission, unicellular
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Eukaryotes-membrane bound nucleus, many organelles
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What is evolution?
Development and diversification
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From simple to complex
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What are valence shell electrons?
Outermost electrons
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Difference between polar and nonpolar bonds?
Nonpolar-equal sharing of electrons, equal electronegativities
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Polar-ionic bond
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What are ions?
an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons
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What are isotopes?
each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons
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What are buffers?
a solution that resists changes in pH when acid or alkali is added to it
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Difference between organic and inorganic chemicals?
Organic means that a molecule has a carbon backbone;composed of hydrogen and carbon
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Inorganic molecules are composed of other elements
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Kinetic Energy
energy of motion
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Potential Energy
stored energy
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What is ATP?
ATP is produced by almost all living things in organelles called mitochondria found in cells. It is not energy itself, but rather temporarily "stores" energy.
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Types of organic molecules?
Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids
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Major functions of membrane proteins
Transport
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Enzymatic activity
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Signal transduction
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Cell-cell recognition
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Intercellular joining
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Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM)
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Active Transport
movement of molecules across a cell membrane in the direction against their concentration gradient, i.e. moving from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration.
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Passive Transport
movement of biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes.
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What are cells?
the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism
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What is the nucleus?
a dense organelle present in most eukaryotic cells, typically a single rounded structure bounded by a double membrane, containing the genetic material.
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What are enzymes?
a substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst
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Substrate
reacts with reagent to generate a product.
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Active Site
small port in an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction
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What is Feedback inhibition?
occurs when the end product of a reaction interferes with the enzyme that helped produce it.
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What is competitive inhibition?
is a form of enzyme inhibition where binding of the inhibitor to the active site on the enzyme prevents binding of the substrate
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What is allosteric regulation?
binding an effector molecule at a site other than the protein's active site
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Redox reactions
any chemical reaction in which the oxidation number of a molecule, atom, or ion changes by gaining or losing an electron
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Cellular respiration
is the process of oxidizing food molecules, like glucose, to carbon dioxide and water.
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Electron carriers
NAD+ and FAD
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What is fermentation?
the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat
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Major reactants and products of photosynthesis
6 H2O + 6 CO2 ---> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
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Water + Carbon Dioxide yield Glucose + Oxygen
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Organisms that perform photosynthesis
Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria
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Heterotrophs
hunts for food, collects food
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Autotrophs
produces its own food(energy source)
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Purpose of photosynthetic pigments
pigments are the means by which the energy of sunlight is captured, absorb certain wavelengths of light
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What is mitosis?
a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus
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Purpose of cell cycle checkpoints?
help regulate function
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What is binary fission?
After replicating its genetic material, the cell divides into two nearly equal sized daughter cells.
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What is meiosis?
a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell
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Function of DNA polymerase?
The main function of DNA polymerase is to make DNA from nucleotides,
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Evolution
Change in allele frequency in population over generations
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Fossils
Remains or traces of dead organisms
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Vestigial structures
Structure with no function inherited from ancestral organism
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Biogeography
Study of the range and distribution of organisms
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Homologous traits
Similar due to shared ancestry
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Pathogens
infectious agent is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host.
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Are viruses living organisms?
Viruses are not considered "alive" because they lack many of the properties that scientists associate with living organisms. Primarily, they lack the ability to reproduce without the aid of a host cell, and don't use the typical cell- division approach to replication.
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Capsid
the protein shell of a virus.
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Gene
molecular unit of heredity of a living organism
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Gene locus
specific location of a gene on a chromosome
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Genome
organism's complete set of DNA, including all of its genes
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Allele
variant form of a gene
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Genotype
genetic makeup of the cell
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Phenotype
physical appearance due to genotype
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Mendels principle of segregation
stating that during the production of gametes the two copies of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent
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Independent assortment
stating that when two or more characteristics are inherited, individual hereditary factors assort independently during gamete production
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Codominance
relating to two different alleles that are fully expressed in a heterozygous individual.
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Incomplete dominance
form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely expressed over its paired allele
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Multiple allelism
The state of having more than two alternative contrasting characters controlled by multiple alleles at a single genetic locus.
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Polygenic inheritance
occurs when one characteristic is controlled by two or more genes
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What is gene expression?
the process by which possession of a gene leads to the appearance in the phenotype of the corresponding character.
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3 types of rna used in protein synthesis
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
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Codons
sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis
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Intron
noncoding sections of an RNA transcript that are spliced out before the RNA molecule is translated
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Exon
remains present within the final mature RNA product of that gene after introns have been removed
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Major types of chemical bonds?
Ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and polar covalent bonds
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Hyrdophillic
water loving
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Hydrophobic
water fearing
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Metabolism
set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms
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Reactants
undergoes change in reaction
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Products
result of change in reactants
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Synthesis reaction
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Decomposition
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Exergonic reaction
energy released
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Endergonic reaction
energy is absorbed
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Ribosomes
responsible for production of protein
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Endoplasmic reticulum(smooth)
associated with the production and metabolism of fats and steroid hormones
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Endoplasmic reticulum(rough)
protein production, protein folding, quality control and despatch
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Golgi apparatus
modifying, sorting and packaging of proteins
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also involved in the transport of lipids around the cell, and the creation of lysosomes
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Lysosomes
an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane.
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Central vacuole
maintain turgor
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Chloroplasts
conduct photosynthesis, where the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight, and stores it in the energy storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water.
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Mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell
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Cytoskeleton
series of intercellular proteins that help a cell with shape, support, and movement.
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Cilia
Cilia occur in large numbers on the surface of certain cells, either causing currents in the surrounding fluid, or, in some protozoans and other small organisms, providing propulsion.