bio exam final!

What characteristics define life?

Cells, energy, growth, reproduction, adaptation

What are biological levels of organization?

Atoms,molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

What is taxonomy?

Classification of organisms

What is binomial nomenclature?

System of naming species of living things

Two names

What are the 3 domains?

Archaea, bacteria, eukarya

What are the 4 major groups within eukarya?

Protista, fungi,animalia, plantae

Major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Prokaryotes-less organelles,binary fission, unicellular

Eukaryotes-membrane bound nucleus, many organelles

What is evolution?

Development and diversification

From simple to complex

What are valence shell electrons?

Outermost electrons

Difference between polar and nonpolar bonds?

Nonpolar-equal sharing of electrons, equal electronegativities

Polar-ionic bond

What are ions?

an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons

What are isotopes?

each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons

What are buffers?

a solution that resists changes in pH when acid or alkali is added to it

Difference between organic and inorganic chemicals?

Organic means that a molecule has a carbon backbone;composed of hydrogen and carbon

Inorganic molecules are composed of other elements

Kinetic Energy

energy of motion

Potential Energy

stored energy

What is ATP?

ATP is produced by almost all living things in organelles called mitochondria found in cells. It is not energy itself, but rather temporarily "stores" energy.

Types of organic molecules?

Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids

Major functions of membrane proteins

Transport

Enzymatic activity

Signal transduction

Cell-cell recognition

Intercellular joining

Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM)

Active Transport

movement of molecules across a cell membrane in the direction against their concentration gradient, i.e. moving from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration.

Passive Transport

movement of biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes.

What are cells?

the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism

What is the nucleus?

a dense organelle present in most eukaryotic cells, typically a single rounded structure bounded by a double membrane, containing the genetic material.

What are enzymes?

a substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst

Substrate

reacts with reagent to generate a product.

Active Site

small port in an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction

What is Feedback inhibition?

occurs when the end product of a reaction interferes with the enzyme that helped produce it.

What is competitive inhibition?

is a form of enzyme inhibition where binding of the inhibitor to the active site on the enzyme prevents binding of the substrate

What is allosteric regulation?

binding an effector molecule at a site other than the protein's active site

Redox reactions

any chemical reaction in which the oxidation number of a molecule, atom, or ion changes by gaining or losing an electron

Cellular respiration

is the process of oxidizing food molecules, like glucose, to carbon dioxide and water.

Electron carriers

NAD+ and FAD

What is fermentation?

the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat

Major reactants and products of photosynthesis

6 H2O + 6 CO2 ---> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Water + Carbon Dioxide yield Glucose + Oxygen

Organisms that perform photosynthesis

Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria

Heterotrophs

hunts for food, collects food

Autotrophs

produces its own food(energy source)

Purpose of photosynthetic pigments

pigments are the means by which the energy of sunlight is captured, absorb certain wavelengths of light

What is mitosis?

a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus

Purpose of cell cycle checkpoints?

help regulate function

What is binary fission?

After replicating its genetic material, the cell divides into two nearly equal sized daughter cells.

What is meiosis?

a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell

Function of DNA polymerase?

The main function of DNA polymerase is to make DNA from nucleotides,

Evolution

Change in allele frequency in population over generations

Fossils

Remains or traces of dead organisms

Vestigial structures

Structure with no function inherited from ancestral organism

Biogeography

Study of the range and distribution of organisms

Homologous traits

Similar due to shared ancestry

Pathogens

infectious agent is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host.

Are viruses living organisms?

Viruses are not considered "alive" because they lack many of the properties that scientists associate with living organisms. Primarily, they lack the ability to reproduce without the aid of a host cell, and don't use the typical cell- division approach to replication.

Capsid

the protein shell of a virus.

Gene

molecular unit of heredity of a living organism

Gene locus

specific location of a gene on a chromosome

Genome

organism's complete set of DNA, including all of its genes

Allele

variant form of a gene

Genotype

genetic makeup of the cell

Phenotype

physical appearance due to genotype

Mendels principle of segregation

stating that during the production of gametes the two copies of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent

Independent assortment

stating that when two or more characteristics are inherited, individual hereditary factors assort independently during gamete production

Codominance

relating to two different alleles that are fully expressed in a heterozygous individual.

Incomplete dominance

form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely expressed over its paired allele

Multiple allelism

The state of having more than two alternative contrasting characters controlled by multiple alleles at a single genetic locus.

Polygenic inheritance

occurs when one characteristic is controlled by two or more genes

What is gene expression?

the process by which possession of a gene leads to the appearance in the phenotype of the corresponding character.

3 types of rna used in protein synthesis

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Codons

sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis

Intron

noncoding sections of an RNA transcript that are spliced out before the RNA molecule is translated

Exon

remains present within the final mature RNA product of that gene after introns have been removed

Major types of chemical bonds?

Ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and polar covalent bonds

Hyrdophillic

water loving

Hydrophobic

water fearing

Metabolism

set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms

Reactants

undergoes change in reaction

Products

result of change in reactants

Synthesis reaction

Decomposition

Exergonic reaction

energy released

Endergonic reaction

energy is absorbed

Ribosomes

responsible for production of protein

Endoplasmic reticulum(smooth)

associated with the production and metabolism of fats and steroid hormones

Endoplasmic reticulum(rough)

protein production, protein folding, quality control and despatch

Golgi apparatus

modifying, sorting and packaging of proteins

also involved in the transport of lipids around the cell, and the creation of lysosomes

Lysosomes

an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane.

Central vacuole

maintain turgor

Chloroplasts

conduct photosynthesis, where the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight, and stores it in the energy storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water.

Mitochondria

powerhouse of the cell

Cytoskeleton

series of intercellular proteins that help a cell with shape, support, and movement.

Cilia

Cilia occur in large numbers on the surface of certain cells, either causing currents in the surrounding fluid, or, in some protozoans and other small organisms, providing propulsion.