Clinical Anatomy Unit 1: Stuff I need to know better

Synovial joints

most mobile, have a synovial cavity, joint capsule, and synovial fluid

joint capsule

fibrous outer layer for structure, inner synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid

what does synovial fluid do?

absorbs shock, nourishes hyaline cartilage, lubricates joints

fibrous joints

connected by dense CT

sutures

type of fibrous joint, found in skull, synarthrosis, tightly bound with a small amount of CT

Syndesmoses

fibrous joints found in ligaments or interosseous membranes. Found between radius and ulna and C1 and C2 (atlantoaxial joint), amphiarthrosis

gomphosis

fibrous joint, teeth in mandible or maxilla, synarthrosis

cartilageous joints

joints found in cartilage

synchrondoses

cartilagenous joint, bones connected by hyaline cartilage, synarthrosis, growth plates

symphyses

cartilagenous joint, fibrocartilage, amphiarthrosis, intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

simple epithelium

one layer of cells

stratified epithelium

multiple layers of cells

pseudostratified epithelium

appears like stratified, but single layer of cells all touch basement membrane

squamous epithelial cell

flat, alveoli, bv lining

columnar epithelial cell

column shaped, digestive tract

cubiodal epithelial cells

cube shaped, kidney tubercules, glands

transitional epithelial cells

change shape, bladder and urinary tract

stratified squamous epithelium

skin and esophagus

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

respiratory tract

clinical significance of epithelial tissue

linked to cancer and ulcers

Barrett’s esophagus

esophagus epithelial cells turn from squamous to columnar in response to stomach acid from GERD

connective tissue

most abundance tissue type, comes from fetal mesenchyme

ground substance

gel between cells and fibers in connective tissue

CT proper

loose CT: areolar, adipose, reticular, dense CT: tendons, dermis, elastic (aorta)

Supporting CT

cartilage and bone

fluid CT

blood and lymph

functions of CT

structure, support, transport, energy storage

skin ligaments

attach dermis to deep fascia

sparse and long skin ligaments

more skin mobility

short and abundant skin ligaments

less skin mobility

papillary dermis layer

loose CT, nerve endings, blood vessels

reticular dermis layer

adipose, dense CT, collagen, elastic fibers, hair follicles, glands

deep fascia

dense CT, no fat, surrounds mm