gender AO3

overall A03 points for sex and gender

-Bem showed gender matched sex in both males and females

-BSRI is reliable, test retest shown to show similar results

-BSRI score oversimpifies gender identity, it foten adapts depending on context, work roles and social groups

-smith and lloyd adults playing with babies dressed as opposite sex toys according to sex role stereotypes

-mead found feminine-male and masculine-female sex role stereotypes in tribal communities in new ginea

-however, follow up study on Mead showed it was bias limits validity

-reductionist

overall AO3 for role of hormones and chromosomes

-van Beijersveldt 70% of the variance in gender identity between 8000 MZ and DZ twins pairs linked to genes

-animal studies like increasing testosterone in female rats shown to be more aggressive, etc.

-animal studies generalisability issues

-too simplistic to see sex hormones as “male” and “female”

-Dabbs et al. found in a prison population, offenders with the highest levels of test were more likely to have committed sexual or violent crimes.

-david reimer

overall AO3 for atypical sex chromosome patterns

-research is socially senstitive, calling them unsual or abnormal or treating them as abnormal

-research into atypical sex chromosome patterns leads to developed therapies to help improve their everyday lives

cognitive theory on gender development Kohlberg

-slaby and frey showed children in the consistency stage watched same sex role model more than the opposite

-martin and little children as young as 3 showed strong sex preference for and stereotypical understanding of toys/ clothhes, younger than the consistency stage (limitation)

-research may be have low validity as young children have a limited ability to communicate so it relies on researchers interpretation

-evidence that biological explanations are valid, suggests gendered behaviour is innate not learnt

-- Bussey and Bandura study children as young as four reported 'feeling good' about playing with gender-appropriate toys and 'bad' about doing the opposite

cognittive theory on gender development Martin and Hlaverson

-Martin and Halverson children as young as 5-6 switched the genders of people shown in pictures to matched the gendered activity (e.g. cutting wood=male). suggests children have schemas for gender appropriate behaviour

-martin and little children as young as 3 showed strong sex preference for and stereotypical understanding of toys/ clothes. (positive)

psychodyamic theory on gender development

-little Hans case study on a 5 year old boy, had a phobia of horses interpreted as his fear for his father (castration anxiety)

--case study research is unscientific due to subjectivity and generalisability issues

-research shown boys who in father absent families still had normal gender development

-unfalsifiable, the oedipus complex cannot be tested

-oter theories like biological explanations have more supporting research

social learning theory gender development

-smith and lloyd 6 month babies dress in boy clothes given hammer/ girls given dolls

-SLT can be used praticaally in the media to create positive gender stereotypes e.g. women in STEM.

-evidence for the biological theory, shows it’s innate rather than learnt

Influence of media on gender roles

-mead supports cultural roles. evidence of non-western male and female normative gender roles in New Ginea Islanders

-Furnham and Mark supports media roles. 11 countries showed similar gender roles e.g. males= out of home females= in home

=knowing media enforces unequal gender narratives can help in creating positive gender stereotypes in the media

-not all media shows gender stereotyped behaviour e.g. Elton John , David Bowie

atypical gender development

-Beijerveldt 70% of the variance in gender identity between 8000 MZ and DZ twins pairs linked to genes

-Theisen 13 transgender genetic sequences revealed 21 gene variations linked to pre-birth oestrogen reception

-socially sensitive in research is an issue as individuals with atypical gender development may want a biological origin rather than psyc, miss reporting could report in social stigma