Anatomy Practical 1

define plane

a surface, real or imaginary, where 2 points can be connected via straight line

define median plane

divides head/body/limb into right and left halves

define dorsal

toward/near upper surface of head/body/tail

or it means upper/front surface of carpus, tarsus, metapodium, & digits on limbs

opposite to supporting surface when standing/paw pad

opposite ventral

define ventral

toward/near supporting surface of head/neck/thorax/tail

NEVER USE FOR LIMBS

opposite dorsal

define medial

toward/near median plane

opposite lateral

define lateral

away/far from median plane

opposite medial

define cranial

toward/near head

or it means proximal to carpus/tarsus on limbs

opposite caudal

replaced by rostral on head

define rostral

toward/near nose

APPLIES TO HEAD ONLY

define caudal

toward/near tail

opposite cranial

defina internal/inner

close to/in direction of/the center of a hollow organ/body cavity/structure

opposite external

define external/outer

away from center of a hollow organ or structure

opposite internal

define superficial

near surface of the body/solid organ

opposite deep

define deep

near center of body/solid organ

opposite superficial

define proximal

near the main mass or origin

or near the attached end of limbs/tail

opposite distal

define distal

away from main mass or origin

or free end of limbs/tail

opposite of proximal

define radial & tibial

radial: on the side of the antebrachium/forearm where the radius is

tibial: same but for back leg/crus where tibia is

define ulnar & fibular

ulnar: on the side of the antebrachium/forearm where the ulna is

fib: same but for back leg/crus where fibula is

define palmar

part of FOREPAW where pads are

surface that touches the ground when animal stands

corresponding surface of metacarpus and carpus

opposite dorsal surface (top of paw)

define plantar

part of HINDPAW where pads are

surface that touches ground when animal stands

corresponding surface of metatarsus and tarsus

opposite dorsal surface (top of paw)

define axis

the central line of the body or any of its parts

define axial & abaxial

of, pertraining to, relative to the axis

or in cows the axis of the limb passes through the middle…

axial surface of the digit faces the axis

abaxial faces away

define flexion

moving one bone in relation to another so the joints angle decreases

AKA limb is retracted/folded, digit is bent, back is arched dorsally

define extension

moving one bone in relation to another so the joints angle increases

AKA limb reaches out/extends, digit/back straightens

overextension if stretched over 180 degrees

define abduction

moving a part away from median plane

opposite adduction

define adduction

moving a part toward median plane

opposite abduction

define circumduction

moving a part in the shape of a circle

define rotation

moving a part around its long axis (e.g. screwing a screwdriver)

define supination

rotating the leg so the palmar/plantar surface of the paw faces medially (top of paw faces outward)

opposite pronation

define pronation

rotating the leg away from the supine position so palmar/plantar surface faces the substrate (top of paw faces inward)

label the bones of the thoracic girdle

1. scapula (big triangle)

2. clavicle (small, detached, AKA collarbone)

label the segments of the thoracic limb (AKA forelimb)

whats the name of the bone in 2

1. thoracic girdle (AKA shoulder)

2. brachium (AKA arm)

3. antebrahcium (AKA forearm)

4. manus (AKA forepaw)

humerus

label the bones of the manus

1. carpal bones

2. metacarpal bones

3. phalanges

whats the dogs vertebral formula

C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd20

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal

name the 3 parts of a vertebra

1. body

2. vertebral arch (formed by pedicles & laminae)

3. tranverse, spinous, & articular processes

whats the common name of the 1st & 2nd cervical vertebrae

1. atlas

2. axsis

ventral view of dogs neck:

label 1 & 2

1. sternocephalicus muscle (compound muscle, runs from sternum to head, shaped like V, on both sides)

2. sternohyoideus muscle (runs right in middle of ^)

lateral (side) view of the ventral dog neck:

label 1, 2, 3, 5

1. common carotid artery (pink, part of carotid sheath)

2. vagosympathetic trunk (white, part of carotid sheath)

3. esophagus (to the left of the trachea if you’re looking at dog in the face)

5. trachea (hard, white, has cartilage rings)

lateral view of dogs neck:

label 1, 2, 4, 10

what is 1,2,4 called together

1. clavicular intersection (white line that sepearates 2 parts of the brachiocephalicus muscle)

2. cleidocephalicus muscle (part of brachiocephalicus that runs from head to 1)

   4. cleidobrachialis muscle (part of brachiocephalicus that runs from 1 to humerus)

10. external jugular vein (this is what we poke during blood draws, located between sternocephalicus & brachiocephalicus)

brachiocephalicus (compund muscle, runs from head to arm)

“cleido” = clavicle

ventral view of the neck:

label 1

internal jugular vein (part of carotid sheath along w/ common carotid artery & vagosympathetic trunk, usually blue)

whats a compound muscle

a muscle made of multiple individual muslces that are anatomically joined together

label the parts of the oral cavity (canine head split in half): 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12

(1) is the tongue & it’s pulled to the side (tweezers pulling it back)

1. tongue

2. -

3. -

4. sublingual caruncle: small tissue on floor of mouth, on either side of lingual frenulum, this is where subman & subling ducts empty into mouth

5. vallate papillae: at junctionf of body & root of tongue, in V shape, largest papilla, big circles

6. fungiform papillae: smooth & round, look like fungus (“fung”)

7. hard palate: near front of mouth, rugae under it

8. soft palate: caudal to ^

9. epiglottis: flap that covers trachea during swallowing

10. -

11. pharynx

12. esophagus

label the salivary glands: 1, 4 (anine head split in half)

1. parotid salivary gland: at base of ear, V shape

2. -

3. -

4. mandibular salivary gland: golf ball shape

label the parts of the oral cavity (canine head split in half, mouth opening on right): all except 8

1. soft palate: caudal to hard palate

2. nasopharynx: open space above soft palate

3. oropharynx: open space at back of mouth, extends from soft palate to base of epiglottis (includes tonsils)

4. laryngopharynx: caudal to soft palate, on top of larynx

5. larynx

6. palatopharyngeal arch: fold of tissue that marks caudal end of soft palate, clolses off nasopharynx during swallowing

7. pharyngoesophageal limen: marks boundary between pharynx & esophagus, at caudal end of laryngopharynx

8. -

9. nasal septum: bone/cartilage wall that divides nose into 2 nostrils

10. hard palate: near front of mouth, rugae under it

11. root of tongue: the caudal third of the tongue (back part)

12. epiglottis: flap that covers trachea during swallowing

label this close up view of the back of the dog’s mouth 2-9

for reference: 10 is the root of the tongue, 4 is the oropharynx, 1 is the soft palate

1. -

2. nasopharynx: open space above soft palate

3. pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube: slitlike opening in nasopharynx

4. -

5. palatine tonsil: in back of throat inside oropharynx

6. semilunar fold: tissue that covers the ^

7. palatopharyngeal arch: fold of tissue that marks caudal end of soft palate, clolses off nasopharynx during swallowing

8. laryngopharynx: caudal to soft palate, on top of larynx

9. epiglottis: flap that covers trachea during swallowing

label the parts of the oral cavity (canine head split in half): all except 4 & 5

the tongue & it’s pulled to the side (tweezers pulling it back)

1. hard palate: near front of mouth, rugae under it

2. nasopharynx: open space above soft palate

3. palatoglossal arch: tissue that connects side of tongue to soft palate, marks boundary between the mouth & oropharynx (throat, 5)

4. -

5. -

6. palatopharyngeal arch: fold of tissue that marks caudal end of soft palate, clolses off nasopharynx during swallowing

7. soft palate: caudal to hard palate

8. pharyngoesophageal limen: marks boundary between pharynx & esophagus, at caudal end of laryngopharynx

9. laryngopharynx: caudal to soft palate, on top of larynx

10. esophagus

11. epiglottis

label the parts of the oral cavity (canine head split in half, nasal septum removed): all excpet 6 & 7

concha are curved bones in nasal passages, helps warm air

meatuses are the small open spaces formed between the conchae

1. dorsal nasal concha: most dorsal concha

2. ventral nasal concha: largest conch

3. dorsal nasal meatus: between (1) and top of nasal cavity

4. middle nasal meatus: between (1) and (2)

5. ventral nasal meatus: between (2) and bottom of nasal cavity

6. -

7. -

8. ethmoidal labyrinth: behind the nasal cavity

9. frontal sinus: air filled cavities within frontal bone

10. pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube: slitlike opening in nasopharynx

11. palatine tonsil: in back of throat inside oropharynx

12. soft palate

label the parts of the hyoid apparatus (this is bones and muscles that acts as an attachment platform for the tongue and larynx) (ventrolateral view of canine head): all except 7-10

*there’s 2 of each of these hyoid bones, except only 1 basihyoid connects both sides

1. stylohyoid: top bone, at tip

2. epihyoid: below ^

3. ceratohyoid: below ^

4. thyrohyoid: on top of basi and extends out caudally

5. basihyoid: at the base

6. thyroid cartilage of the larynx: large cartilage that forms wall of larynx

7. -

8. - (trachea)

9. -

10. -

11. mandible: 2 of these, left & right, form the jawbone

label the parts of the canine ear

1. auricle/pinna: the outer visible part of the ear

2. helix: outer curved rim of the ear

3. tragus: pointed cartilage structure of entrance of ear canal, forms boundary of opening

4. cutaneous maringal pouch: fold of skin on lower, back ear

label the salivary glands

1. parotid gland: at base of ear, V shape

2. mandibular gland: gold ball shape

3. monostomatic sublingual gland: rostral to ^, near floor of mouth

label the cartilages of the larynx

1. epiglottis: flap of cartilage that covers trachea during swallowing

2. thyroid cartilage: forms front & sides of larynx, in front of cricoid

3. cricoid cartilage: below ^, forms complete circle around larynx

4. arytenoid cartilage: small, triangular, sit on top of ^

label the larynx

1. circothyroid ligament: fibrous tissue that connects cricoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage in larynx

2. circotracheal ligament: fibrous tissue that joins cricoid cartilage to first ring of trachea

3. cricoid cartilage: below thyroid cartilage, forms complete circle around larynx

4. cuneiform cartilage: most rostral part of artenoid cartilage, lies within aryepiglottic fold

5. corniculate cartilage: small horn shaped cartilage piece on top of arytenoid cartilage

6. arytenoid cartilage

7. vestibular fold: protective upper set of vocal folds to protect them, on top of (8)

8. vocal fold: extends from artyenoid to thyroid cartilage

whats this part of the larynx

aryepiglottic fold (2 folds on each side of larynx)

label these parts of the thyroid and cricoid cartilage in the larynx

1. rostral cornu of thyroid cartilage: long, narrow projection going rostral from thyroid cartilage

2. thyroid lamina: flattened, shield shaped plate that forms thyroid cartilage (there’s 2 of these)

3. caudal cornu of thyroid cartilage: same as (1) but going caudal

4. cricoid arch: curved part at back of cricoid cartilage

label the parts of the arytenoid cartilage in the larynx

1. muscular process: muscles attach here, projects laterally

2. vocal process: vocal folds attach here, projects caudally

label this

whats the glottis

rima glottidis: the opening/space between the 2 vocal cords

glottis: in larynx, vocal cords + rima glott = glottis

label the parts of the hyoid apparatus

*there’s 2 of each of these hyoid bones, except only 1 basihyoid connects both sides

1. tympanohyoid (at very tip)

2. stylohyoid: below ^

3. epihyoid: below ^

4. epiglottis

5. thyrohyoid: on top of basi & extends out caudally

6. ceratohyoid: below ^

7. basihyoid: at the base

the mouth (in dogs too) is divided into 2 parts… label them

1. oral cavity proper: just the inner part of the mouth

2. vestibule: space between lips and cheeks, on outside of teeth but inside gums

label the parts of the tongue (3 and 4 are a type of papillae)

where are filiform papillae

1. median sulcus: groove on tongue that divides it into left and right

2. lingular frenulum: thin tissue that connects tongue to floor of mmouth

3. foliate papilla: pap on sides of tongue

4. conical papillae: on very back of tongue, large and rough

all throughout, smooth and round, but super small so can’t really see

label the parts of the tongue

whats the body and lyssa

what are the intrinsic lingual muscle

1. apex: free end/tip of tongue

2. sublingual fold: U shaped structure on floor of mouth nex to lingual frenulum

body is the main part of tongue, between root & apex

lyssa is a rod shaped structure under the apex

this is the meat of the tongue

label the teeth

whats the alveolus

1. incisors

2. canine

3. premolars

4. molars

this is the bony socket where the root of the tooth sits

to help remember, can think of canine tooth formula (pic, top is # teeth on top of mouth & vice versa)

this is the cross section of a dogs nose.

label the red part

whats the nasal aperture and choanae

common nasal meatus

nas ap is the opening of the nose (inside the nostrils)

chon is the opening at the back of the nose that opens into the nasopharynx

this is the top of a dogs mouth.

label it

1. incisive papilla: raised bump at front of hard palate

2. raphe: line going down the middle of the hard palate

3. rugae: transverse ridges on hard palate