Canine Head, Neck, Limb Anatomy

define plane

a surface, real or imaginary, where 2 points can be connected via straight line

define median plane

divides head/body/limb into right and left halves

define dorsal

toward/near upper surface of head/body/tail

or it means upper/front surface of carpus, tarsus, metapodium, & digits on limbs

opposite to supporting surface when standing/paw pad

opposite ventral

define ventral

toward/near supporting surface of head/neck/thorax/tail

NEVER USE FOR LIMBS

opposite dorsal

define medial

toward/near median plane

opposite lateral

define lateral

away/far from median plane

opposite medial

define cranial

toward/near head

or it means proximal to carpus/tarsus on limbs

opposite caudal

replaced by rostral on head

define rostral

toward/near nose

APPLIES TO HEAD ONLY

define caudal

toward/near tail

opposite cranial

defina internal/inner

close to/in direction of/the center of a hollow organ/body cavity/structure

opposite external

define external/outer

away from center of a hollow organ or structure

opposite internal

define superficial

near surface of the body/solid organ

opposite deep

define deep

near center of body/solid organ

opposite superficial

define proximal

near the main mass or origin

or near the attached end of limbs/tail

opposite distal

define distal

away from main mass or origin

or free end of limbs/tail

opposite of proximal

define radial & tibial

radial: on the side of the antebrachium/forearm where the radius is

tibial: same but for back leg/crus where tibia is

define ulnar & fibular

ulnar: on the side of the antebrachium/forearm where the ulna is

fib: same but for back leg/crus where fibula is

define palmar

SPELLING

part of FOREPAW where pads are

surface that touches the ground when animal stands

corresponding surface of metacarpus and carpus

opposite dorsal surface (top of paw)

define plantar

SPELLING

part of HINDPAW where pads are

surface that touches ground when animal stands

corresponding surface of metatarsus and tarsus

opposite dorsal surface (top of paw)

define axis

the central line of the body or any of its parts

define axial & abaxial

of, pertraining to, relative to the axis

or in cows the axis of the limb passes through the middle…

axial surface of the digit faces the axis

abaxial faces away

define flexion

moving one bone in relation to another so the joints angle decreases

AKA limb is retracted/folded, digit is bent, back is arched dorsally

define extension

moving one bone in relation to another so the joints angle increases

AKA limb reaches out/extends, digit/back straightens

overextension if stretched over 180 degrees

define abduction

moving a part away from median plane

opposite adduction

define adduction

moving a part toward median plane

opposite abduction

define circumduction

moving a part in the shape of a circle

define rotation

moving a part around its long axis (e.g. screwing a screwdriver)

define supination

rotating the leg so the palmar/plantar surface of the paw faces medially (top of paw faces outward)

opposite pronation

define pronation

rotating the leg away from the supine position so palmar/plantar surface faces the substrate (top of paw faces inward)

label the bones of the thoracic girdle

1. scapula (big triangle)

2. clavicle (small, detached, AKA collarbone)

label the segments of the thoracic limb (AKA forelimb)

whats the name of the bone in 2

1. thoracic girdle (AKA shoulder)

2. brachium (AKA arm)

3. antebrahcium (AKA forearm)

4. manus (AKA forepaw)

humerus

label the bones of the manus

2 → SPELLING

1. carpal bones

2. metacarpal bones

3. phalanges

whats the dogs vertebral formula

C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd20

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal

name the 3 parts of a vertebra

1. body

2. vertebral arch (formed by pedicles & laminae)

3. tranverse, spinous, & articular processes

whats the common name of the 1st & 2nd cervical vertebrae

1. atlas

2. axis

ventral view of dogs neck:

label 1 & 2 & 3

1. sternocephalicus muscle (compound muscle, runs from sternum to head, shaped like V, on both sides)

2. sternohyoideus muscle (runs right in middle of ^)

3. sternothyroideus m: lateral to 2

lateral (side) view of the ventral dog neck:

label 1, 2, 3, 5

1. common carotid artery (pink, part of carotid sheath)

2. vagosympathetic trunk (white, part of carotid sheath)

3. esophagus (to the left of the trachea if you’re looking at dog in the face)

5. trachea (hard, white, has cartilage rings)

lateral view of dogs neck:

label 1, 2, 4, 10

what is 1,2,4 called together

1. clavicular intersection (white line that sepearates 2 parts of the brachiocephalicus muscle)

2. cleidocephalicus muscle (part of brachiocephalicus that runs from head to 1)

   4. cleidobrachialis muscle (part of brachiocephalicus that runs from 1 to humerus)

10. external jugular vein (this is what we poke during blood draws, located between sternocephalicus & brachiocephalicus)

brachiocephalicus (compund muscle, runs from head to arm)

“cleido” = clavicle

ventral view of the neck:

label 1

internal jugular vein (part of carotid sheath along w/ common carotid artery & vagosympathetic trunk, usually blue)

whats a compound muscle

a muscle made of multiple individual muslces that are anatomically joined together

label the parts of the oral cavity (canine head split in half): 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12

(1) is the tongue & it’s pulled to the side (tweezers pulling it back)

1. tongue

2. -

3. -

4. sublingual caruncle: small tissue on floor of mouth, on either side of lingual frenulum, this is where subman & subling ducts empty into mouth

5. vallate papillae: at junctionf of body & root of tongue, in V shape, largest papilla, big circles

6. fungiform papillae: smooth & round, look like fungus (“fung”)

7. hard palate: near front of mouth, rugae under it

8. soft palate: caudal to ^

9. epiglottis: flap that covers trachea during swallowing

10. -

11. pharynx

12. esophagus

label the salivary glands: 1, 4 (anine head split in half)

1. parotid salivary gland: at base of ear, V shape

2. -

3. -

4. mandibular salivary gland: golf ball shape

label the parts of the oral cavity (canine head split in half, mouth opening on right): all except 8

1. soft palate: caudal to hard palate

2. nasopharynx: open space above soft palate

3. oropharynx: open space at back of mouth, extends from soft palate to base of epiglottis (includes tonsils)

4. laryngopharynx: caudal to soft palate, on top of larynx

5. larynx

6. palatopharyngeal arch: fold of tissue that marks caudal end of soft palate, clolses off nasopharynx during swallowing

7. pharyngoesophageal limen: marks boundary between pharynx & esophagus, at caudal end of laryngopharynx

8. -

9. nasal septum: bone/cartilage wall that divides nose into 2 nostrils

10. hard palate: near front of mouth, rugae under it

11. root of tongue: the caudal third of the tongue (back part)

12. epiglottis: flap that covers trachea during swallowing

label this close up view of the back of the dog’s mouth 2-9

for reference: 10 is the root of the tongue, 4 is the oropharynx, 1 is the soft palate

1. -

2. nasopharynx: open space above soft palate

3. pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube: slitlike opening in nasopharynx

4. -

5. palatine tonsil: in back of throat inside oropharynx

6. semilunar fold: tissue that covers the ^

7. palatopharyngeal arch: fold of tissue that marks caudal end of soft palate, clolses off nasopharynx during swallowing

8. laryngopharynx: caudal to soft palate, on top of larynx

9. epiglottis: flap that covers trachea during swallowing

label the parts of the oral cavity (canine head split in half): all except 4 & 5, 12

the tongue & it’s pulled to the side (tweezers pulling it back)

1. hard palate: near front of mouth, rugae under it

2. nasopharynx: open space above soft palate

3. palatoglossal arch: tissue that connects side of tongue to soft palate, marks boundary between the mouth & oropharynx (throat, 5)

4. -

5. -

6. palatopharyngeal arch: fold of tissue that marks caudal end of soft palate, clolses off nasopharynx during swallowing

7. soft palate: caudal to hard palate

8. pharyngoesophageal limen: marks boundary between pharynx & esophagus, at caudal end of laryngopharynx

9. laryngopharynx: caudal to soft palate, on top of larynx

10. esophagus

11. epiglottis

label the parts of the oral cavity (canine head split in half, nasal septum removed): all excpet 6 & 7

concha are curved bones in nasal passages, helps warm air

meatuses are the small open spaces formed between the conchae

1. dorsal nasal concha: most dorsal concha

2. ventral nasal concha: largest conch

3. dorsal nasal meatus: between (1) and top of nasal cavity

4. middle nasal meatus: between (1) and (2)

5. ventral nasal meatus: between (2) and bottom of nasal cavity

6. -

7. -

8. ethmoidal labyrinth: behind the nasal cavity

9. frontal sinus: air filled cavities within frontal bone

10. pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube: slitlike opening in nasopharynx

11. palatine tonsil: in back of throat inside oropharynx

12. soft palate

label the parts of the hyoid apparatus (this is bones and muscles that acts as an attachment platform for the tongue and larynx) (ventrolateral view of canine head): all except 7-10

*there’s 2 of each of these hyoid bones, except only 1 basihyoid connects both sides

1. stylohyoid: top bone, at tip

2. epihyoid: below ^

3. ceratohyoid: below ^

4. thyrohyoid: on top of basi and extends out caudally

5. basihyoid: at the base

6. thyroid cartilage of the larynx: large cartilage that forms wall of larynx

7. -

8. - (trachea)

9. -

10. -

11. mandible: 2 of these, left & right, form the jawbone

Some Elephants Can Be Tall

think of it like a big necklace that supports the tongue & larynx: top are big stud earrings (stylohyoids), small beads under to start the necklace (epihyoid), larger beads (ceratohyoid), basihyoid is the center pendant, thyrohyoid is a tassle hanging from the pendant

label the parts of the canine ear

1. auricle/pinna: the outer visible part of the ear

2. helix: outer curved rim of the ear

3. tragus: pointed cartilage structure of entrance of ear canal, forms boundary of opening

4. cutaneous maringal pouch: fold of skin on lower, back ear

label the salivary glands

1. parotid gland: at base of ear, V shape

2. mandibular gland: gold ball shape

3. monostomatic sublingual gland: rostral to ^, near floor of mouth

label the cartilages of the larynx

1. epiglottis: flap of cartilage that covers trachea during swallowing

2. thyroid cartilage: forms front & sides of larynx, in front of cricoid

3. cricoid cartilage: below ^, forms complete circle around larynx

4. arytenoid cartilage: small, triangular, sit on top of ^

label the larynx

1. cricothyroid ligament: fibrous tissue that connects cricoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage in larynx

2. cricotracheal ligament: fibrous tissue that joins cricoid cartilage to first ring of trachea

3. cricoid cartilage: below thyroid cartilage, forms complete circle around larynx

4. cuneiform cartilage: most rostral part of artenoid cartilage, lies within aryepiglottic fold

5. corniculate cartilage: small horn shaped cartilage piece on top of arytenoid cartilage

6. arytenoid cartilage

7. vestibular fold: protective upper set of vocal folds to protect them, on top of (8)

8. vocal fold: extends from artyenoid to thyroid cartilage

cornucopia = horn, corniculate cart is a horn on the arytenoid

cuneus = wedge shape

whats this part of the larynx

aryepiglottic fold (2 folds on each side of larynx)

label these parts of the thyroid and cricoid cartilage in the larynx

1. rostral cornu of thyroid cartilage: long, narrow projection going rostral from thyroid cartilage

2. thyroid lamina: flattened, shield shaped plate that forms thyroid cartilage (there’s 2 of these)

3. caudal cornu of thyroid cartilage: same as (1) but going caudal

4. cricoid arch: curved part at back of cricoid cartilage

label the parts of the arytenoid cartilage in the larynx

1. muscular process: muscles attach here, projects laterally

2. vocal process: vocal folds attach here, projects caudally

label this

whats the glottis

rima glottidis: the opening/space between the 2 vocal cords

glottis: in larynx, vocal cords + rima glott = glottis

label the parts of the hyoid apparatus

*there’s 2 of each of these hyoid bones, except only 1 basihyoid connects both sides

1. tympanohyoid (at very tip)

2. stylohyoid: below ^

3. epihyoid: below ^

4. epiglottis

5. thyrohyoid: on top of basi & extends out caudally

6. ceratohyoid: below ^

7. basihyoid: at the base

the mouth (in dogs too) is divided into 2 parts… label them

1. oral cavity proper: just the inner part of the mouth

2. vestibule: space between lips and cheeks, on outside of teeth but inside gums

label the parts of the tongue (3 and 4 are a type of papillae)

where are filiform papillae

1 → SPELLING

1. median sulcus: groove on tongue that divides it into left and right

2. lingual frenulum: thin tissue that connects tongue to floor of mmouth

3. foliate papilla: pap on sides of tongue

4. conical papillae: on very back of tongue, large and rough

all throughout, smooth and round, but super small so can’t really see

label the parts of the tongue

whats the body and lyssa

what are the intrinsic lingual muscle

1. apex: free end/tip of tongue

2. sublingual fold: U shaped structure on floor of mouth nex to lingual frenulum

body is the main part of tongue, between root & apex

lyssa is a rod shaped structure under the apex

this is the meat of the tongue

label the teeth

whats the alveolus

1. incisors

2. canine

3. premolars

4. molars

this is the bony socket where the root of the tooth sits

to help remember, can think of canine tooth formula (pic, top is # teeth on top of mouth & vice versa)

this is the cross section of a dogs nose.

label the red part

whats the nasal aperture and choanae

common nasal meatus

nas ap is the opening of the nose (inside the nostrils)

chon is the opening at the back of the nose that opens into the nasopharynx

this is the top of a dogs mouth.

label it

1. incisive papilla: raised bump at front of hard palate

2. raphe: line going down the middle of the hard palate

3. rugae: transverse ridges on hard palate

label 1, 2, 3

1. external jugular vein: splits into maxillary & linguofacial, caudal to mandibular saliv gland

2. maxillary vein

3. linguofacial vein

label 3 & 4

3. ventral buccal nerve

4. dorsal buccal nerve

these are branches of the facial nerve, go acorss masseter muscle & innervate muscles of cheek/lips/nose

splits into dorsal & ventral around parotid duct

this is an up close image of a canine’s face/eye.

labe 2 & 3

2. inferior alveolar nerve: in the mandible, supplies sensory nerves to teeth

3. lingual nerve: larger & more rostral than ^, runs under the tongue, runs on mylohyoid m.

this is an up close image of the head and the tongue is pulled to the side (teeth on left side).

label 1-9, except 3

what nerve is right before 1 (behind the muscle 7)

1. lingual nerve: from mandibular divison of trigeminal n., runs under tongue and on mylohyoid m.

2. mylohyoideus muscle: thin sheet than spans intermandibular space, caudally inserts on basihyoid

3. -

4. hypoglossal nerve: ventrorostral to carotid sheath, medial to mandib saliv gland, innervates tongue muscles

5. lingual artery: ventral branch of ECA, supplies tonsil & tongue

6. styloglossus muscle: arises from stylohyroid bones, located in the tongue, retrats & elevates tongue

7. pterygoid muscle: arises from pterygopalatine fossa, on medial side of mandible

8. digastricus muscle: extends from base of skull to lower mandible, involved in mastication

9. mandibular salivary gland: golf ball shape

mandibular branch of cranial nerve V (this splits into MIL → …, inferior alveolar nerve, lingual nerve)

this is an up close imahge of the head, eye is to the right.

label 1-11, except 5,6,8

1. common carotid artery: in carotid sheath, splits into internal & external

2. internal carotid artery: smaller branch

3. external carotid artery: larger branch

4. maxillary artery: larger terminal branch of ECA, supplies blood to head

5. -

6. -

7. occipital artery: branch of ECA, right next to ICA, supplies meninges & skull

8. -

9. lingual artery: ventral branch of ECA, supplies tonsil & tongue

10. facial artery: branches off ECA after ^, supplies nose & lips

11. superficial temporal artery: small terminal branch of ECA, rostral to caudal auricular, supplies parotid gland & temporal muscles & eyelids

this is an up close image of the common carotid artery (1), the head is to the left

2 is the external carotid artery & * is the internal.

label all arteries except 4, 10, 11

label the other structures 12, 13

13 → SPELLING

3. occipital artery: branch of ECA, right next to ICA, supplies meninges & skull

4. -

5. lingual artery: ventral branch of ECA, supplies tonsil & tongue

6. facial artery: branches off ECA after ^, supplies nose & lips

7. caudal auricular artery: branch of ECA at the base of the ear

8. superificial temporal artery: small terminal branch of ECA, rostral to caudal auricular, supplies parotid gland & temporal muscles & eyelids

9. maxillary artery: larger terminal branch of ECA, supplies blood to head

10. -

11. -

12. hypoglossal nerve: white not pink, ventrorostral to carotid sheath, medial to mandib saliv gland, innervates tongue muscles

13. medial retropharyngeal lymph node: dorsal to CCA, more cranial than thyroid gland

this is an up close view of the common carotid artery (1). 3 is the sternothyroideus muscle. the head is to the right.

whats *

the thyroid gland (only right lobe is shown, more caudal to larynx)

label the bones from the lateral side of the canine skull

1. nasal bone

2. incisive bone: supports incisiors in alveoli, forms rostral end of nasal cavity w/ hard palate

3. infraorbital foramen: opening of infraorbital canal (has nerves & BV to supply upper lips & nostrils)

4. lacrimal bone: by median corner of the eye. this is where nasolacrimal duct starts

5. zygomatic bone/temporal process of zygomatic bone(?): lateral to zygomatic saliv gland

6. orbit: eye socket, globe sits in it

label the bones from the lateral side of the canine skull

1. external acoustic meatus: allows air to flow from external ear to tympanic membrane

2. tympanic bulla: thin walled air filled part of middle ear

3. zygomatic arch

4. frontal bone: forms forehead

5. zygomatic process of frontal bone: attaches palpable ligament to complete the orbit

6. parietal bone: forms shape of the head

7. temporal fossa: convex surface where temporalis m. originates

label the bones from the lateral side of the canine skull

1. palatine bone: forms caudal end of hard palate & rostral part of nasopharynx

2. pterygoid bone: wing shaped, caudal end of nasopharynx

3. occipital bone: most caudal part of head so looks like vertebra, touches pons/medulla oblongata/cerebellum

4. external occipital protuberance: this is where digastricus m. originates to open the jaw

5. occipital condyle: allows for head flexion/extension

6. nuchal crest: divides caudal & lateral surface of cranium

7. zygomatic process of temporal bone

label the bones from the caudal (back) view of the canine skull

1. foramen magnum: has caudal end of medulla oblongata

2. paracondylar process: origin of digastricus m.

3. occipital condyle: allows head to flex & extend

label the bones from the dorsal (top) view of the canine skull

1. nasal bone

2. incisive bone: supports incisor teeth

3. maxilla bone: supports canine, premolar, and molar teeth, forms bony division between nasal & oral cavities 

label the bones from the ventral (bottom) view of the canine skull

1. maxilla: supports canine, premolar, molar teeth

2. vomer: ossified ventral part of nasal septum

label the bone in grey

temporal bone

label the ventral view (underside) of the canine skull

1. presphenoid

2. basisphenoid

label the lateral view of the canine mandible

1. body of the mandible: includes alveoli of teeth

2. ramus of the mandible: attaches to skull & mastication muscles

3. coronoid process of the ramus: dorsal and medial to zygomatic arch of the skull, temporalis m. inserts here

4. condyloid process of the ramus

5. angular process of the ramus: pterygoideus m. inserts here

6. mental foramina: has nerves and BV to lower lip

label the caudal (back) view of the canine mandible

1. mandibular foramen: this is where mandibular alveolar BV and nerves enter to supply teeth & lower lip

label the dorsal/top view of the canine mandible

SPELLING

1. intermandibular symphysis: cartilage joint between 2 mandibles

label the muscles 1, 3, 4 (orbicularis oris is gone)

1. buccinator muscle: within walls of lips & cheek

2. -

3. levator nasolabialis muscle: retracts nose & upper lip

4. orbicularis oculi muscle

label the muscles 1, 4, 5, 6

1. platysma m.: runs from neck to commissure of lips 

2. -

3. -

4. orbicularis oculi m

5. levator nasolabialis m: retracts nose & upper lip

6. orbicularis oris m: within the lips 

what muscle is labeled

parotidoauricularis

label the muscles of the pharynx/larynx

1. hyopharyngeus

2. thyropharyngeus

3. cricopharyngeus: aids in swallowing, helps push food down

4. sternothyroideus

5. cricothyroideus (bow tie shape)

label the larynx: 3 (bottom left pic), 6 (top left and right pic)

3. cricothyroideus muscle

6. cricoarytenoideus dorsalis

label the muscles on the head

1. temporalis m: inserts on ramus of mandible (8), involed in mastication

2. masseter m: runs between body of mandible (5) & zygomatic arch (6), involved in mastication

this image shows two tongue muscles from a ventrolateral view.

head is facing to the left

for reference: 9 is the digastricus m, 3 is hypoglossal nerve, 6 is the mylohyoideus, 4 is the sternohyoideus

label 1,2,7

1. styloglossus m

2. hyoglossus m: runs from hyoid apparatus to root of tongue

3. -

4. -

5. -

6. -

7. thyrohyoideus

this is a medial view of the canine head (nose to the right).

label the muscles 1, 3, 5

1. genioglossus m: runs from chin to tongue

2. -

3. geniohyoideus m

4. -

5. mylohyoideus m.

what salivary gland is this

zygomatic salivary gland

label the lateral side of the scapula (dorsal edge on top, ventral on bottom, cranial edge on left, caudal on right)

1. supraspinous fossa: supraspinatus m originates here

2. infraspinous fossa: infraspinatus m originates here

3. acromion: distal end of spine

4. spine: divides lateral surf into 2 equally sized fossa

5. supraglenoid tubercle: cranial prominence at ventral angle

label the medial side of the scapula (dorsal edge on top, ventral on bottom, cranial edge on right, caudal on left)

1. subscapular fossa: almost flat, has 2 rounded ridges, concave between the ridges 

2. serrated face

label the ventral end of the scapula (this is looking from bottom to top)

1. glenoid cavity: shallow joint surf where head of humerus sits

2. supragleniod tubercle: toward cranial side of scapula 

label the lateral side of the left humerus (dorsal/proximal end on top, cranial to the left)

6 → SPELLING

1. greater tubercle

2. head: convex articular surf of shoulder joint

3. condyle: distal end of humerus

4. deltoid tuberosity: rough part

5. lateral epicondyle: lateral part of 3, less prominent than 6, elbow ligament attaches here

6. medial epicondyle: medial part of 3, same ligament ^

7. radial fossa: depression where head of radius is & elbow is flexed

8. olecranon fossa: depression where ulne is when elbow extends

9. body

label the cranial view of the left humerus (this is like looking from right in front of the dogs face)

3 → SPELLING

1. greater tubercle

2. lesser tubercle: medial to head of humerus (head in between 1 & 2)

3. intertubercular groove: smooth surf between 1 & 2

4. trochlea of condyle: medial part of condyle, cylinder shaped articular surf of condyle, has a groove, part of elbow joint

5. supratochlear foramen: connection between radial fossa & olecranon fossa

6. capitulum of condyle: lateral part of condyle

label the lateral side of the ulna & radius (dorsal/proximal end on top, cranial/head to the left)

1. head of the radius: proximal end of radius

2. trochlea of radius: distal end of radius

3. olecranon of the ulna: biggest part of ulna, medial surf is more concave than lateral

4. olecranon tuberosity of ulna: proximal end is grooved cranially, enlarged & rounded caudally

5. anconeal process of ulna: distal part of olecranon

6. trochlear notch of ulna: semilunar shaped articular surf

7. styloid process

ulna is longer & to right of radius

label the medial side of the ulna & radius (dorsal/proximal end on top, cranial/head to the left)

1. styloid process of the trochlea in the radius

2. trochlea of the radius: distal end of radius

3. olecranon of the ulna: biggest part of ulna, medial surf is more concave than lateral

label the cranial view of the carpus/metacarpus (this is like looking right in front of the dog, medial to left, lateral to right)

7-11 → SPELLING

1. radial/intermedioradial carpal bone

2. ulnar carpal bone

3. first carpal: most medial carpal

4. second carpal

5. third carpal

6. fourth crapal: most lateral carpal

7. first metacarpal bone

8. second matacarpal

9. third metacarpal

10. fourth metacarpal

11. ffth metacarpal

label the palmar/bottom view of the carpus/metacarpus (this is like looking right under the dogs foot, medial to right, lateral to left → first carpal bone in red)

1 → SPELLING

1. first metacarpal bone

2. accessory carpal bone

label the cranial view of the phalanges/digits (this is like looking right in front of the dog, medial to left, lateral to right)

1. proximal phalanx (digit 1 only has proximal & distal)

2. middle phalanx

3. distal phalanx

4. ungual crest: overhangs 5

5. ungual process

6. base of phalanges

7. body of phalanges

8. head of phalanges

label muscles 2-9 of the dog. (muscle 2 was cut and lifted up, usually connects to 1)

name the compound muscle that makes up:

2,3

2,3,4

1. -

2. cleidocervicalis m (cervical part of cleidocephalicus)

3. cleidomastoideus m (mastoid part of cleidocephalicus)

4. cleidobrachialis m

5. omotransversarius m

6. trapezius m

7. latissimus dorsi m

8. superficial pectoral m

9. deep pectoral m

2+3 = cleidocephalicus

4+2+3 = brachiocephalicus