Exam #4 Chapter 15 Special senses

What is General Senses?

Touch, Pressure, Stretch, Vibration, Temperature, and Pain

What is Special Senses?

Vision, Smell, Taste, hearing and Equilibrium

What is the two chemical senses?

Olfaction (Smell), Gustation (Taste)

How are different odors detected/processed?

It must be volatile and Odorant dissolves in the olfactory epithelium

What type of receptors are found in the nasal cavity?

Pain and temperature

Where is the olfactory cortex?

Temporal Lobe

Which type of cells are the receptors for gustation?

Gustatory cell, Basal, cell Supporting cell

What are the five basic taste sensations?

Sweet

Sour

Salty

Bitter

Umami

How are different tastes detected/processed?

A tastant must be dissolve in saliva, diffuse into a taste pore, and contact microvilli

Where is the Gustatory Cortex?

Parietal Lobe

What is the Accessory Structures of the eyeball?

Eyebrow, Eyelids, Conjunctiva, Lacrimal Apparatus, Extrinsic eye muscles

What are the three layers of the eye ball?

Fibrous, Vascular, Inner layer (retina)

What are the associated Structures of the eyeball?

Eyelids, Conjunctiva, Lacrimal apparatus, Extrinsic eye muscles, Bony Orbit

What is the function of Eyelids?

Thin, skin-covered folds that protect the eye anteriorly

What is the function of Conjunctiva?

A thin, transparent, mucosal membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the surface of the eyeball

What is the function of Lacrimal Apparatus?

Produces tears to clean and lubricate the eye and the tear drainage system (ducts)

What is the function of Extrinsic eye Muscles?

Six muscles attached to the sclera that allow for precise movement of the eyeball within the orbit

What is the function of Bony Orbit?

A cavity in the skull that houses and protects the eyeball fat, muscles, and nerves

How does the automatic nervous system regulate the diameter of the pupil in response to Bright light and close vison?

Circular muscles contract ➡ pupil constricts

How does the automatic nervous system regulate the diameter of the pupil in response to Dim light and distant vision?

Radial muscles contract ➡ pupils dilates

Circular muscles are also called?

Pupillary contractor muscles

Radial muscles are also called?

Pupillary dilator muscles

What are the receptors for vision located?

Retina, the back of the eye

What is the difference between the two types of visual receptors?

Rods are responsible for low light/ night vision

Cones are responsible for high acuity color vision

What is the Macula Lutea?

Center of the posterior portion of the retina; visual axis of the eye

What is layer is the Macula Lutea in?

Inner layer

What does degeneration of the Macula Lutea result in?

A damage to the macula; retain peripheral vision, but lose ability to see straight ahead

What is the Foeva Centralis?

A depression in the center of the macula lutea; Highest concentration of cones

What are Cataracts?

Cloudy lens; caused by injuries, aging, radiation, etc.

How does the eye detect light?

by focusing it through the cornea and lens onto the retina, where photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) convert light into electrical signals

What is the visual pathway of light entering the eye?

Cornea➡Aqueous➡Lens➡Vitreous humor➡Retina

How is refraction involved in image formation?

By bending light rays as they pass in between materials of different densities.

How are the convex diverse light rays?

Thicker in center than at edges

How are the concave diverse light rays?

Thicker at edges than in center

What is the converges light rays meaning in refraction image formation

a convex lens bends parallel light rays inward, causing them to meet, or intersect, at a specific spot known as the focal point

What is accommodation?

Changing lens shape to increase refraction

how does the curvature of the lens change for close distant?

Thicker, more curved lens

how does the curvature of the lens change for distant vision?

Thinner, flatter lens

Definition of Myopia?

(Eyeball is too long or the lens is too thick) Nearsightedness

Definition of Hyperopia?

(Eyeball is too short or the lens is thinner than normal) Farsightedness

What are the three structures of the outer ear?

Auricle (pinna), External auditory, Eardrum (tyrannic membrane)

What are the structures of the middle ear?

Auditory ossicles, Pharyngotmpanic (auditory) tube

What are the structures of the inner ear?

Bony labyrinth, Membranous labyrinth

Inner ear has two main division which one is the outer?

Bony labyrinth

Inner ear has two main division which one is the inner?

Membranous labyrinth

What is the function of the outer ear?

collects sound waves, boosts their volume, and directs them toward the middle ear

What is the function of the middle ear?

efficiently transfer sound waves from the air-filled outer ear to the fluid-filled inner ear by amplifying vibrations

What is the function of the inner ear?

transforming mechanical sound vibrations into neural signals for hearing and detecting head movement for balance

which area of the inner ear are the receptors for hearing located?

The cochlea

How are sounds detected by the ear?

Auricle directs sound waves into external acoustic meatus

What is the pathway sound travels?

External ear collects sound waves and channels them inward,

Middle ear conveys sound vibration to the inner ear,

Inner ear houses receptors for hearing and equilibrium

What is static equilibrium?

Maintenance of the position of the body relative to the force of gravity

What is dynamic equilibrium?

Maintenance of body position in response to rotational movements

What is the structure of static equilibrium?

The vestibule within the inner ear, specifically using the utricle and saccule

What is the structure of dynamic equilibrium?

The semicircular canals within the inner ear's vestibular system

which areas of the brain process information about the equilibrium, balance, posture?

The cerebellum