Glycolysis (reactions, structures, enzymes, etc.)

DRAW: Glucose

Reaction 1/10

Glucose → Glucose 6-phosphate

(1/2 Energy consuming, NOT reversible)

What is the name of the related enzyme?

What are the names of the cofactors involved in the reaction?

What type of reaction is this?

What happens during this reaction?

Enzyme: Hexokinase

Cofactors: Mg2+, ATP, ADP

Type of reaction: Phosphorylation

Addition of a ℗ onto Glucose from ATP (creating ADP).

DRAW: Glucose 6-phosphate

Reaction 2/10

Glucose 6-phosphate → Fructose 6-phosphate

What is the name of the related enzyme?

What is the name of the cofactor involved in the reaction?

What type of reaction is this?

What happens during this reaction?

Enzyme: Phosphohexose isomerase

Cofactor: Mg2+

Type of reaction: Isomerisation

Rearrangement of covalent bonds.

DRAW: Fructose 6-phosphate

Reaction 3/10

Fructose 6-phosphate → Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

(2/2 Energy consuming, NOT reversible)

What is the name of the related enzyme?

What are the names of the cofactors involved in the reaction?

What type of reaction is this?

What happens during this reaction?

Enzyme: Phosphofructokinase-1

Cofactors: Mg2+, ATP, ADP

Type of reaction: Phosphorylation

Removal of ℗ from an ATP molecule (converting it to ADP) and attaching it to the current Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.

DRAW: Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

Reaction 4/10

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate → Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

What is the name of the related enzyme?

What type of reaction is this?

What happens during this reaction?

Enzyme: Aldolase (Lyase)

Type of reaction: Cleavage

Cleavage of one 6-Carbon sugar phosphate to two 3-Carbon sugar phosphates.

DRAW: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

DRAW: Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Reaction 5/10

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate → Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

*(So we end up having 2 units in total of this type of molecule along with the previous one from Reaction 4/10.)

What is the name of the related enzyme?

What type of reaction is this?

What happens during this reaction?

Enzyme: Triose phosphate isomerase

Type of reaction: Isomerisation

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate gets rearranged by the above isomerase to form a second Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate molecule.

DRAW: (2x) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

Reaction 6/10

(2x) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + (2x) ℗ → (2x) 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate

What is the name of the related enzyme?

What are the names of the cofactors involved in the reaction?

What type of reactions are these? (2)

What happens during this reaction?

Enzyme: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Cofactors: NAD+, NADH

Type of reactions: Dehydrogenation (oxidation) and phosphorylation

Both Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate molecules get oxidized and they produce 2 NADH in total (from 2 NAD+).

Both Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate molecules get an additional ℗ (these are not coming from ATP but they are inorganic phosphate molecules).

DRAW: (2x) 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate

Reaction 7/10

(2x) 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate → (2x) 3-Phosphoglycerate

(1/2 Energy creation, reversible)

What is the name of the related enzyme?

What are the names of the cofactors involved in the reaction?

What type of reaction is this?

What happens during this reaction?

Enzyme: Phosphoglycerate kinase

Cofactor: Mg2+, ADP, ATP

Type of reaction: Substrate-level phosphorylation

From both 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate, the above kinase transfers a ℗ to ADP, thus forming 2 ATP molecules in total (from 2 ADP).

DRAW: (2x) 3-Phosphoglycerate

Reaction 8/10

(2x) 3-Phosphoglycerate → (2x) 2-Phosphoglycerate

What is the name of the related enzyme?

What is the name of the cofactor involved in the reaction?

What type of reaction is this?

What happens during this reaction?

Enzyme: Phosphoglycerate mutase

Cofactor: Mg2+

Type of reaction: Isomerisation

(2x) Transfer of ℗ from the 3rd Carbon atom to the 2nd Carbon atom.

DRAW: (2x) 2-Phosphoglycerate

Reaction 9/10

(2x) 2-Phosphoglycerate → (2x) Phosphoenolpyruvate

What is the name of the related enzyme?

What type of reaction is this?

What happens during this reaction?

Enzyme: Enolase

Type of reaction: Dehydration

(2x) Removal of a water molecule.

DRAW: (2x) Phosphoenolpyruvate

Reaction 10/10

(2x) Phosphoenolpyruvate → (2x) Pyruvate

(2/2 Energy creation, NOT reversible)

What is the name of the related enzyme?

What are the names of the cofactors involved in the reaction?

What type of reaction is this?

What happens during this reaction?

Enzyme: Pyruvate kinase

Cofactor: Mg2+, K+, ADP, ATP

Type of reaction: Substrate-level phosphorylation

Removal of ℗ from both molecules and donate them to 2x ADP, thus creating 2 ATP molecules in total.

DRAW: (2x) Pyruvate

Additional step in anaerobic condition

(2x) Pyruvate → (2x) L-lactate

What is the name of the related enzyme?

What happens during this reaction?

Enzyme: Lactate dehydrogenase

When animal tissues cannot be supplied with sufficient oxygen to support aerobic oxidation of the pyruvate and NADH produced in glycolysis, NAD+ is regenerated from NADH by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate by Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH).

DRAW: L-lactate