(3) OXIDIZING AGENTS - DYES

oxidizing agents

• SARs: good and effective against anaerobic microorganism and in cleaning contaminated wounds.

• MOA: depend upon liberation of oxygen (peroxide) in the tissues and their ability to denature proteins (permanganates).

Carbamide peroxide topical solution

• Gly-Oxide

• stable complex of urea (from proteins) and hydrogen peroxide (12.6%) in anhydrous glycerin

• Releases hydrogen peroxide when mixed with water

• uses: disinfectant antiseptic; effective in treating oral ulcerations

hydrous benzoyl peroxide

• 5%-10% concentration is as keratolytic, tx of acne caused by propionic bacterium acnes (an anaerobic)

• MOA: induce proliferation of epithelial cells leading to sloughing and repair

elemental iodine

oldest and one of the most effective and useful germicide

iodophors

complexes of iodine with non-ionic and cationic surfactants while retaining the germicidal property and reducing the volatility and irritant property of iodine

lugol’s solution

5% I₂ + 10% KI + H₂O

Iodine Solution

2% I₂ + 2.4% KI

Iodine tincture

2% I₂ + 2.5% NaI + 47% Alcohol + H₂O

iodine

MOA: protein inactivation by iodination of phenylalanyl and tyrosyl residues; oxidation of -SH groups

Povidone-Iodine (BETADINE)

• complex of iodine with PVP

• 10% of iodine

• release iodine slowly, non-toxic

• used as antiseptic

chlorine

• water disinfectant

• when dissolved in water releasing hypochlorous acid (HOCl)

• MOA: Chlorination (oxidation) of amide nitrogen (peptide bond) atoms in protein and oxidation of sulfhydryl

HOCl + OCl^-

hypochlorite and chloramine + water = ___

halazone

• white crystalline, photosensitive compound with faint chlorine odor

• use: sodium salt is water disinfectant (drinking water)

chloroazodin

disinfectant for wounds

oxychlorosene sodium

• complex of the sodium salt of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and HClO

• rapid bactericidal (G+ and G-)

cationic surfactants

• quaternary ammonium compounds that ionize in water and exhibit surface active properties

• ends on “-onium” or “-inium”

• Has bactericidal action against a broad spectrum of G+ and G- bacteria, fungi and protozoa

• lower down the interfacial tension

• dissolution into the microbial CM → destabilization/interference of the enzyme system → cell lysis

cationic head group

has high affinity for water

long HC tail

affinity for lipids and nonpolar solvents (G+ and G-)

benzalkonium chloride

gamot na pula

Methylbenzethonium chloride

• Diaparene

• tx of diaper rash

benzethonium chloride

• Phemerol Chloride

• similar to benzalkonium chloride

Cetylpyridinium chloride

• Ceepryn

• general antiseptic for skin, laceration, irrigation and available as throat lozenges and MW

Chlorhexidine Gluconate (HIBICLENS)

• antibacterial biguanides

• inactive against acid fast bacterial spores and viruses

• antiseptic topically

Orahex

• chlorhexidine gluconate

• antiseptic orally

cationic dyes

• has antibacterial affinity

• active against gram + microorganism and inactivating fungi; G- are resistant

• forms colorless leucobase under alkaline condition

gentian violet
basic fuchscin

triphenylmethane dye

methylene blue

thiazine dye

gentian violet (GENEPAX)

• vaginal suppository or topical solution for the tx of yeast infection and ringworm

• orally as an anthelmintic for threadworm and pinworm

basic fuchsin

• component of Carbol-fuchsin solution (Castellani’s paint)

• tx of fungal infections like ringworm and athlete’s foot

methylene blue (URISED)

• can be used to treat methemoglobinemia

• can tint the urine and stool blue or green

• antidote for cyanide and nitrate poisoning