all of a group's learned behaviors, actions, beliefs, and traditions
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cultural traits
the visible and invisible elements of a culture
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cultural complex
series of interrelated cultural traits
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cultural hearth
a place of origin to a major culture
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taboos
behaviors of a culture that are heavily discouraged
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folk culture
the products and practices of homogenous and isolated small-scale groups living in rural locations
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popular culture
when cultural traits spread over a large area and are adopted by various groups
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global culture
when popular culture makes it worldwide
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indigenous community
communities that live within geographically distinct traditional habitats or ancestral territories who identify themselves as being apart of a distinct group
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urbanization
the movement of people or cultures to towns and cities
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globalization
the expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes to where they become global in scale and impact
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material culture
physical objects and belongings of members of a group of people
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artifacts
the material manifestations of a culture
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mentifacts
the elements of a culture that express values and beliefs
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non-material culture
non-physical ideas that people have about their culture
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sociofacts
the institutions and links between individuals and groups that unite a culture
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architecture
the act of designing and constructing buildings
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cultural landscape
visible reflection if the culture of built environment
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traditional architecture
a style that reflects a local culture's history, beliefs, values, and community adaptations that typically utilize locally available resources
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post modern architecture
a movement away from boxy, mostly concrete or brick structures toward high rise structures made from steel or glass and the use of bright colors, curves, and atriums are also common
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land-use patterns
the use of land for various purposes or activities
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linguistic characteristics
the features of a language
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gender
the difference between men and women
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religion
a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny
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ethnic neighborhood
usually in the urban areas are occupied by migrants in a charter groups former space
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diaspora
a population that is scattered across a region which are separate from its place of origin
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christianity
a monotheistic religion that is based on the life and teachings of Jesus
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islam
a monotheistic faith of the muslims that is based on mahammed and the prophet of allah
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buddhism
a religion represented by the many groups that profess various forms of the buddhist doctrine
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sikhism
a monotheistic religion founded in northern india by guru nanak combining elements of Hinduism and Islam
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hinduism
the monotheistic religion of most people in india, bangladesh, sri lanka, and nepal that is based around karma that works closely with a caste system
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judaism
a monotheistic faith of jews who practice a religion based on the torah and the talmud
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sequent occupancy
successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place to contribute to the cumulative cultural landscape
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cultural relativism
the concept that a person's or group's beliefs, values, norms, and practices should be understood from the perspective of the other group's culture
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ethnocentrism
belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group
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ethnicity
membership in a group if people who share characteristics such as ancestry, language, customs, history, and common experiences
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sense of place
state of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certain character
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placemaking
used as an urban planning practice to motivate people to get involved with the spaces closest to them
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centripetal force
those that unify a group of people or a region
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centrifugal force
those that divide a group of people or a region
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relocation diffusion
the spread of culture and or cultural traits by people who migrate and carry their cultural traits with them
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expansion diffusion
the spread of culture and or cultural traits outward through exchange without migration
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contagious diffusion
occurs when a cultural trait spreads continuously outward from its hearth through contact among people
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hierarchical diffusion
the spread of diffusion outward from the most interconnected places or from centers of wealth and influence
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reverse hierarchical diffusion
when a cultural trait diffuses from a group of lower status to a group of higher status
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stimulus diffusion
when an underlying idea from a cultural hearth is adopted by another culture but the adopting group modifies or rejects one trait
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creolization
he process by which elements of different cultures are blended together to create a new culture
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lingua franca
a common language used by speakers of different languages
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colonialism
a particular type of imperialism in which people move and settle on the land of another country
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imperialism
includes a variety of ways of influencing another country or group of people by direct conquest, economic control, or cultural dominance
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indigenous language
a language that is spoken by the original, aboriginal, first, first nation, native, ethnic, or island inhabitants of a place, area, or region
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social constructs
are ideas, concepts, or perceptions that have been created and accepted by people in a society or a social group and are not created by nature
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time-space convergence
the greater interconnections between places that results from improvements in transportation
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cultural convergence
cultures are becoming similar to each other and sharing more cultural traits, ideas, and beliefs
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cultural divergence
the idea that a culture may change over time as the elements of distance, time, physical separation, and modern technology create divisions and changes
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language family
a group of different languages that all descend from a particular common language
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dialect
the usage or vocabulary that is characteristic of a specific group of people
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islogloss
the boundaries between variations in pronunciation or word usage
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indo-european language family
a large group of languages that might have descended from a language spoken nearly 6000 years ago
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universalizing religion
seeks converts to its faith regardless of their ethnicity, language, social status, or nationality
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ethnic religion
belief traditions that emphasize strong cultural characteristics among their followers
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polytheistic
having many gods
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monotheistic
believing that there is only one god
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acculturation
the process of a group moving to a new area and adopting the values and practices of the larger group that has received them while still maintaining valuable elements of their own culture
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assimilation
when an ethnic group can no longer be distinguished from the receiving group
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syncretism
the fusion or blending of two distinctive cultural traits into a unique new hybrid trait
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multiculturalism
the coexistence of several cultures in one society with the ideal of all cultures being valued and worthy of study
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nativism
policy of protecting the interests of native-born
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cultural appropriation
the process by which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit
Studied by 375 people
