PSYC 503 Hallucinogens

What brain area is responsible for hallucinations?

Thalamus

Abnormal _______ function is seen in those who take LSD.

Thalamic

The _______ is the filtering station for incoming sensory stimuli.

Thalamus

Serotonin agonist hallucinogens bind to the _______ receptor.

5-HT2A

Serotonin agonist hallucinogens cause distortions in _______, _______, and _______ hallucinations.

Thinking, illusions, visual

Serotonin agonist hallucinogens cause changes in _______ and _______.

Mood, cognition

LSD peaks in the blood at about _______ hours.

3

An LSD experience typically lasts about _______ to _______ hours.

6 to 8

LSD is _______-soluble, due to the fact that is is typically put under the tongue.

Lipid

_______ amounts of LSD are required (around 25-300 micrograms), and its TI is 280.

Small

LSD has no _______ dependence.

Physical

The ________ is responsible for a sense of self, and filters information according to needs and priorities.

Default mode network

The ________ is an interconnected series of area in the brain. It establishes your sense of sense (who you are), and it is responsible for the efficiency of the brain.

Default mode network

What hallucinogens are serotonin agonists?

LSD and psilocybin (mushrooms)

What hallucinogens are catecholamine-like?

MDMA (ecstasy) and nutmeg

General effects of catecholamine-like hallucinogens include enhanced energy, endurance, sociability, and sexual arousal, which are all effects on what two neurotransmitters?

Da and NE

These acute physiological affects apply to which type of hallucinogens?

-Increased blood pressure and body temperature.

-Jaw clenching/teeth grinding.

-Suppressed appetite.

-Restlessness.

-Insomnia.

-Impaired gait.

Catecholamine-like

The prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus, amygdala, raphe nucleus, and nucleus accumbens are brain areas that what type of hallucinogens affect?

Catecholamine-like

Excess 5-HT in the _______ causes homeostatic dysfunction (hyperthermia).

Hypothalamus

Taking _______ causes you to get overheated. It also tricks the hypothalamus into thinking you are thirstier than you really are.

Ecstasy

Taking _______ causes a decrease in the ability to read negative emotions and makes you more likely to apply positive attributes to others.

MDMA

Taking _______ decreases blood flow to the amygdala, "turning it down," which decreases fear and dangerous reactions.

MDMA

What hallucinogen is anticholinergic?

Scopolamine

_______ is found in deadly nightshade, stinkweed, and jimsonweed.

Scopolamine

Greek women used _______ by putting it in their eyes to increase dilation, in order to increase their attractiveness.

Scopolamine

The general affects of _______ hallucinogens include dry mouth, blurred vision, increased heart rate, and urinary retention.

Anticholinergic

Which hallucinogens are glutaminergic NMDA receptor antagonists?

PCP and ketamine

What is ketamine used to treat?

Ketamine is FDA approved for treatment-resistant depression

What glutaminergic NMDA receptor antagonist hallucinogen causes agitation, excitement, delirium, disorientation, hallucinations, and a psychotic state, resulting in violent reactions, stupor, and coma?

PCP

What hallucinogens affect serotonin (5-HT)?

LSD and psilocybin (mushrooms)

What hallucinogens affect norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and serotonin (5-HT)?

MDMA (ecstasy) and nutmeg

What hallucinogen effects acetylcholine (ACh)?

Scopolamine

What hallucinogens effect glutamate?

Ketamine and PCP

Which hallucinogens occur naturally?

Psilocybin (mushrooms), DMT, and mescaline.

Which of the following is NOT a hallucinogenic drug?

a. Mescaline.

b. LSD.

c. 5-HT.

d. Psilocybin.

e. DMT.

c. 5-HT.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that all hallucinogenic drugs have in common?

a. They are sometimes taken for spiritual and mystical experiences.

b. They can cause cognitive distortions.

c. They produce novel perceptual experiences.

d. They produce a state of delirium.

e. They are mind-opening or psychedelic substances.

d. They produce a state of delirium.

Researchers have considered LSD as a possible tool for which of the following research approaches or treatment programs?

a. LSD as a model for schizophrenia.

b. Psycholytic therapy.

c. Psychedelic therapy.

d. Treatment of alcoholic patients.

e. All of the above.

e. All of the above.

The most common route of administration for LSD is...

a. Smoking.

b. Oral.

c. Topical.

d. Injection.

e. Intranasal.

b. Oral.

Hallucinogenic drugs are NOT considered to be additive in the "classic sense" of the word because...

a. People who use these drugs generally do not experience craving, dependence, or withdrawal.

b. Users rarely experience adverse effects from the drug experience.

c. People simply don't take these drugs often enough to get addicted to them.

d. The high potency and danger of the drugs cause people to take them more cautiously, preventing habitual use.

e. The drugs in this class are too difficult to procure, hence addiction is unlikely.

a. People who use these drugs generally do not experience craving, dependence, or withdrawal.

Which of the following is NOT true of flashbacks?

a. They are a potential complication of hallucinogenic drug use.

b. Scientists do not yet understand the neural mechanism responsible for them.

c. They commonly develop into a more serious and chronic condition called HPPD.

d. They occasionally occur following marijuana use.

e. They can appear a long time after the drug use during which the hallucinations first occurred.

d. They occasionally occur following marijuana use.

The drug PCP or phencyclidine...

a. Was first tested by a pharmaceutical company as a possible anesthetic agent.

b. Causes a trance-like state in which the subject is not responsive to pain.

c. Has a high therapeutic index as it does not cause respiratory depression.

d. Is not clinically useful because of side effects of agitation, hallucinations, and violence.

e. All of the above.

e. All of the above.

At moderate PCP doses, individuals experience which of the following phenomena?

a. Flashbacks.

b. Dissociative anesthesia.

c. HPPD.

d. Synesthesia.

e. Delirium.

b. Dissociative anesthesia.

PCP and ketamine act on the postsynaptic cell by...

a. Blocking the NMDA receptor at the glutamate site.

b. Stimulating the receptor where NMDA normally binds.

c. Stimulating receptors found inside the ion channel.

d. Acting as a noncompetitive antagonist at the NMDA receptor complex.

d. Acting as a noncompetitive antagonist at the NMDA receptor complex.

PCP and ketamine are considered dissociative _______.

Anesthetics