MICROPARA MODULE 4

TRUE

Through countless everyday activities, the human body becomes susceptible to the presence of microorganisms in the environment.

TRUE

Hundreds of species and individual microbial cells, collectively known as the normal microbial flora, grow on or in the human body.

HUMAN MICROBIOME

the sum total of all microorganisms that resides on or in the human body.

RESIDENT MICROBIOTA

consists of microorganisms always present in a given area at a given age.

RESIDENT MICROBIOTA

typically does not cause any disease, unless disturbed or under certain circumstances such as when forcefully removed from their normal location.

TRANSIENT MICROBIOTA

consists of non-pathogenic or potentially pathogenic microorganisms that lives on the skin or mucous membrane for hours, days or weeks.

TRANSIENT MICROBIOTA

these microorganisms do not reside permanently on the human body; they are generally of little significance as long as the resident microbiota remains intact.

RESIDENT MICROBIOTA

similar to “permanent residents” of a city, while transient microbiota represents the “visitors” of a city.

NORMAL MICROBIOTA

provides variety of benefits such as first line of defense against microbial pathogens, assist in digestion, play a role in toxin degradation, and contribute to maturation of the immune system.

COMMENSALS

one partner benefits, while the other seems unaffected

MUTUALISTIC

both parties derive benefit

TRANSIENT MICROBIOTA

Microbes that are present for a short time and don’t cause diseases

CONJUCNTIVAL FLORA

is normally held in check by the flow of tears, which contain antibacterial lysozyme.

INFECTIOUS DISEASE

A disease that is primarily caused by pathogenic microorganisms.

SIGNS

Objective changes that can be measured and observed by the physician and are used for his diagnosis.

Examples: fever, blood pressure

SYMPTOMS

Subjective changes felt by the patient and are not apparent to the physician.

Examples: headache, pain, malaise

COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

A disease that is spread from one person to another person.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASE

is a highly communicable disease.

NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

A disease that is not transmitted from one host to another.

SPORADIC DISEASE

A disease that occurs only occasionally within the population of a particular geographic area.

ENDEMIC DISEASE

A disease that is always or constantly present at low level in a specific population

EPIDEMIC DISEASE

An “outbreak”, a disease that occurs much more frequently than usual in a particular region usually occurring within a relatively short period

PANDEMIC DISEASE

A disease that has a worldwide distribution

ACUTE

It develops rapidly and lasts only for a short period of time

CHRONIC

It develops more slowly (gradually) and lasts for long periods of time

LATENT

Infection in which the causative agent remains inactive for a time but then becomes active to produce symptoms of the disease

LOCAL INFECTION

One in which the invading microorganism are limited to a relatively small area of the body.

SYSTEMIC INFECTION

One in which the invading microorganism are spread throughout the body.

FOCAL INFECTION

A local infection that later develop into a systemic infection.

PRIMARY INFECTION

An acute infection that causes the initial illness or disease

SECONDARY INFECTION

An infection caused by an opportunistic microorganism after the primary infection has weakened the body’s defenses

INAPPARENT OR SUBCLINICAL INFECTION

An infection that result in overt symptoms and can be detected only by demonstrating a rise in antibody titer or by isolating the microorganism

PATHOGEN

The microorganism causing the infection or disease

Treponema pallidum

microorganism that causes Syphilis

Escherichia coli

microorganism that causes Urinary Tract Infection

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

microorganism that causes Tuberculosis

Staphylococcus aureus

microorganism that causes Toxic Shock Syndrome

RESERVOIR

The source of the pathogen or the disease-causing microorganism

RESERVOIR

It is a site where the pathogen can multiply or merely survive until it is transferred to a host

HUMAN RESERVOIR

The most important reservoir of human disease is the human body itself – it can be people with the disease as well as carriers

CARRIERS

are persons that harbor pathogens and transmit them to others without exhibiting any signs of illness

PASSIVE CARRIERS

carry pathogens without ever having had the disease

INCUBATORY CARRIER

a person who is capable of transmitting a pathogen during the incubation period of a particular disease

CONVALESCENT CARRIER

a person who harbors and can transmit a pathogen while recovering from a disease

ACTIVE CARRIER

a person who had completely recovered from the disease but continue to harbor the pathogen indefinitely

ANIMAL RESERVOIR

Both wild and domesticated animals are living reservoir of microorganisms that can cause human diseases.

ZOONOSES OR ZOONOTIC DISEASES

are diseases that humans acquire from animal sources

PORTAL OF EXIT

A way for the pathogen to escape from the reservoir

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

A way for the pathogen to travel from one host to another

• Contact transmission

• Vehicle transmission

• Vector transmission

The principal routes which pathogens can be transmitted are

PORTAL OF ENTRY

A way for the pathogen to gain entry into a host

PORTAL OF ENTRY

The specific route by which pathogens gain access to the body

SUSCEPTIBLE HOST

A person/animal/plant that is affected

PATHOGENESIS

It refers to the steps or mechanisms involved in the development of a disease

PATHOGENICITY

It is the ability of a microorganism to cause disease

VIRULENCE

Is a quantitative measure of pathogenicity and is measured by the number of organisms required to cause a disease

VIRULENCE

The pathogenicity of an organism is due to its virulence factors

VIRULENCE FACTORS

These are phenotypic characteristics or physical attributes of pathogens that enable them to escape various host defense mechanisms and can cause disease

PILI OR FIMBRIAE

These are long, thin, hair-like, flexible projections composed primarily of an array of proteins called “pilin”

COLONIZATION FACTORS

pili or fimbriae is also known as

CAPSULE

A form of glycocalyx that have an antiphagocytic action

FLAGELLA

Threadlike projections used for locomotion or mobility

FLAGELLA

Virulent because of their antiphagocytic function

EXOENZYMES

These are extracellular enzymes produced by some bacteria

EXOENZYMES

Enable them to evade host defense mechanisms, invade or cause damage to body tissues

NECROTIZING ENZYMES

Cause massive destruction of tissues

COAGULASE

Causes clotting of blood which bacteria utilize for hiding

KINASE OR FIBRINOLYCIN

Breaks down fibrin or causes lysis of clots formed by the body, enabling the bacteria to escape from clots

HYALURONIDASE

“Spreading factor”, breaks down hyaluronic acid and allows the spread of bacteria through connective tissues

COLLAGENASE

Breaks down collagen that allows the spread of bacteria through subcutaneous tissues

IGA PROTEASE

Degrades immunoglobulin A that allows the organism to adhere to mucous membranes

LEUKOCIDIN

Enzyme that destroys both neutrophilic leukocytes and macrophages

HEMOLYSIN

Enzyme that cause the lysis of red blood cells and provides the microorganism a source of iron

LESITHINASE

Enzyme that breaks down lecithin and is destructive to the cell membrane of red blood cells

HYPOTHERMIC FACTORS

Factors that cause a decrease in body temperature

TOXINS

Toxins are poisonous substances that are produced by certain microorganisms considered as the primary factor that contributes to the pathogenic properties of those microbes

ENDOTOXIN

Are integral parts of the cell walls of gram-negative organisms

ENDOTOXIN

They can cause chills, fever, weakness, general aches, shock and death

ENDOTOXIN

They exert their effect when gram-negative bacteria die and their cell walls undergo lysis thus liberating the endotoxin

EXOTOXIN

Are toxins produced inside bacterial cells and are released to the surrounding medium

EXOTOXIN

Most of them are protein materials

EXOTOXIN

They are classified and named according to their target organs: such as neurotoxins, enterotoxins and cytotoxins

INCUBATION PERIOD

It is the time between the acquisition of the microorganism and the beginning or appearance of any signs or symptoms

PRODROMAL PERIOD

A relatively short period where non-specific symptoms occur – fever, malaise and loss of appetite

SPECIFIC ILLNESS PERIOD

It is the time during which overt characteristic signs and symptoms of the disease occur

DECLINE PERIOD

Period when the signs and symptoms subside, the patient is vulnerable to secondary infections

CONVALESCENCE

The recovery period, during which the illness abates and the patient returns to the healthy state

METHOD OF TRANSMISSION

is the movement or the transmission of pathogens from a reservoir to a susceptible host. Once a pathogen has exited the reservoir, it needs a mode of transmission to the host through a portal of entry.

CONTACT TRANSMISSION

It is the spread of the microorganism by direct contact, indirect contact, droplet transmission or airborne transmission.

DIRECT CONTACT

kissing, touching and sexual intercourse

INDIRECT CONTACT

handkerchief, utensils, needles and syringes

DROPLET TRANSMISSION

Transmission over distances of one meter or less. Examples: sneezing, coughing, laughing and talking

AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION

Transmission over distances greater than one meter

AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION

sneezing, coughing, laughing and breathing

VEHICLE TRANSMISSION

Refers to the transmission of disease agents through a medium such as -- water, food, air, blood, body fluids and even drugs and IV fluids

VECTOR TRANSMISSION

Are animals or arthropods that carry pathogens from one host to another