Pathophysiology Exam 1

Cells/Tissues, Cardiovascular System, Hematopoietic System

preload

end diastolic pressure when the ventricle has been filled

afterload

work post contraction required to move blood into the aorta

myocardial contractility

the force and velocity with which the heart muscle (myocardium) contracts, measures the heart’s ability to pump blood

pedigree

systematic presentation (such as a table, chart, or list) of an individual’s ancestors that is used in human genetics in the analysis of inheritance

punnett square

grid used in genetics to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross; also called Mendelian square

chromosomes

any one of the structures in the nucleus of a cell containing a linear thread of DNA, which functions in the transmission of genetic information

mitosis

a type of indirect cell division that occurs in somatic cells and results in the formation of two daughter nuclei containing the identical complements of the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species

meiosis

division of a sex cell as it matures, so that each daughter nucleus receives one half of the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species

cation

positively charged ion

anion

negatively charged ion

phenotype

observable characteristics resulting from an organism’s genotype

genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

BRCA1/BRCA2

genes associated with increased breast cancer risk

transforming growth factor-B (TGF-B)

a protein that controls cell growth and division

transforming growth factor-A (TGF-A)

a protein involved in cell proliferation

carrier

an individual with one copy of a recessive gene mutation

metabolic acidosis

low blood pH due to low HCO3; caused by diarrhea, renal failure

metabolic alkalosis

high blood pH due to high HCO3; caused by vomiting, NGT suctioning

respiratory acidosis

low blood pH due to high PaCO2 levels; low and slow RR; hypoventilation

respiratory alkalosis

high blood pH due to low PaCO2; fast RR; hyperventilation

types of leukocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes