MATERIALS part 1.2

Walls

since these mark the confines of a room, they are the most conspicuous architectural elements and probably deserve first consideration in the study of interior design. These are vertical surfaces that contain the doors and windows, and which furnish the background for the principal pieces of furniture.

Ceilings

it is an overhead interior surface, covering the upper limits of a room. It is not considered a structural element but a finished surface concealing the underside of a roof structure or the slab or flooring of the story above

Plenum

It is a separate space provided for air circulation for heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (otherwise known as HVAC), and also for the concealed layout of fire suppression and lighting system

Floors

often dominated the visual field and can have a tremendous impact on the acoustic of a space.

Hard flooring

A classification of flooring material where it closely resembles elements found in nature (wood, stone, or clay) than resilient or soft coverings. Durable and practical, ____________ establish a sense of permanence and, if properly selected, can last the life of the building

Resilient flooring

A classification of flooring material where it combined the comfort underfoot and quietness associated with textile floor coverings, with the imperviousness of hard floorings

Soft Floor covering

A floor treatment made of fibers, such as carpet and rugs

Nonporous floors

A classification of flooring material where it is waterproof and impervious to most household liquids. These types of floors are usually the most durable, but they are resilient and china or glass is more likely to break when dropped.

Semi-porous floors

A classification of flooring material where it is waterproof and resistant (not impervious) to oil and grease, they tend to react badly to spirit solvents such as petrol

Porous floors

A classification of flooring material where these floors are not waterproof or greaseproof and are likely to stain.

Ceramic tile

made from clay or mixture of clay and ceramic materials, pressed into tiles and fired at a high teperature

Monocottura

Italian word for "single fired". The tile passes through kiln only once, with a temperature of 2200 deg. c.

Bicoturra

Italian word for "double fired", meaning the tile is made to go through the kiln twice, one for the body, and another for the body with the glaze. This method is used only for a decorative products.

Impervious

this kind of tile has the lowest absorption level

Vitreous

meaning glasslike, describes a tile that is slightly more absorptive than impervious tile, but still at a very low rate

Semivitreous

tile has an absorption level of 3%-7% (should not be used on continually wet locations)

Non-vitreous

the most absorptive tile, at a rate of more than 7.0%

Glazed tiles

have a glassy surface of ceramic materials fused upon their face to give them a decorative appearance and to make the surface impervious to moisture.

Unglazed tiles

are composed of the same ingredients throughout and derive their color and texture from the materials of which the body is made.

Bright glaze

having a highly polished surface and reflects an image clearly

Matte glazes

those which do not reflect an image or are entirely without sheen

The Plastic

usually clays having high bonding power and some fluxing ability

The Filler

this reduces shrinkage in drying and firing and imparts to the body a certain rigidity which prevents deformation under heat

The Flux or Solvent

melts under intense heat and fuses the heat-resisting elements into one solid mass

Glazed interior tiles

A category of ceramic tile where after firing, a thin coat of liquefied glass is applied over the top surface.

Ceramic Mosaic tiles

The term refers to small sized tiles. Bisazza is a famous brand of this tilesmall-sized

Paver tiles

A category of ceramic tile where these types of tiles are essentially large ceramic mosaic tiles. They are 150 sq mm (6sq in) or more in size and are made of unglazed porcelain or natural clay

Quarry tiles

A category of ceramic tile where tiles are unglazed, extruded, and made from either natural clay or shale. They are similar to bricks in material, performance, range of colors, and methods of installation

Porcelain tiles

is typically made with specific kinds of clays that have very specific properties and are fired at very high temperatures.

Homogenous

This type can be made of any kind of material and the category is applied to the fact that its color is solid throughout

Adobe

a natural building material made from sand, clay, and water, with some kind of fibrous or organic material (stick, straw, dung), which is shaped into bricks

Brick

a block of ceramic material, used in masonry construction and is sized to be laid with only one hand, and is commonly made from clay.

English bond

the oldest bricklaying pattern, bricks are laid in alternate layers of headers and stretchers

Flemish bond

when headers and stretches are laid alternately in one layer

Stretcher bond

a type of bricklaying where only stretchers are laid each layer

Diapering

when bricks of different colors are used to make a regular pattern

Concrete tile

made of cement and aggregate. It comes in natural, or gray, and red colors. It is usually in square in shape

Stamped concrete

it is basically concrete that is patterned, textured, or embossed. This made to look like natural materials, patterns and textures, and commonly used for patios, sidewalks, driveways, pool decks, and interior flooring

Bomanite

first brand of stamped concrete

Cork

another type of natural resilient flooring. It is actually the later of the cork oak tree, which is grown in Mediterranean regions

Fabric

oldest wallcovering and its warmth, richness, and beauty cannot be matched by other wall finishes. The selection of this material must be carefully considered because not all textiles are suitable for use as wall coverings

Backed fabrics

textiles with back coating for barrier to PREVENT ADHESIVE FROM BLEEDING THROUGH and ruining the finish face of the fabric. also PROVIDES DIMENSIONAL STABILITY to withstand the stretching and smoothing operations of installation

Paper-backed fabrics

process involves LAMINATING PAPER to the reverse side of the textile. STIFFENS the textile for easier installation and helps to hide defects in the wall.

Latex-coated fabrics

process involves STRETCHING THE TEXTILE IN A FRAME and APPLYING A LATEX COMPOUND. it retains some of its inherent flexibility and is much less dimensionally stable than paper-backed textiles. can also improve ravel resistance and seam slippage.

Unbacked Fabrics

PRE-TREATED to make them suitable for sticking to the wall. ONE OF THE MOST DIFFICULT MATERIALS b/c you have to work carefully to smooth out the fabric as you apply it to the wall

Glass

Its chief application in contemporary architecture will likely continue to be the windows, while its use as a transparent or translucent wall recommends itself as a logical and final extension of the picture window

Granolithic

usually used for floors. it is a superior and less porous kind of concrete made from CEMENT, GRANITE CHIPPINGS and GRANITE DUST. it is very hard wearing. most often used in FACTORIES than in home.

Laminates

A material that can be constructed by uniting two or more layers of material together.

Lamination

the process of creating laminate is called ____________

Plastic laminate

are produced with kraft papers and decorative papers with a layer of overlay on top of the decorative paper, set before they are heated and pressed together.

High-Pressure Laminate

molded and cured at pressures not lower than 1000lb per sq in. and more commonly in the range 1200-2000 lbs per sq in.

Low-Pressure Laminate

a plastic laminate molded and cured at pressures in general of 400 pounds per square inch

Laminated flooring

it is a multi-layer synthetic flooring product fused together with a lamination process. It simulated wood (or sometimes stone) with a photographic applique layer under a clear protective layer.

Linoleum

derived from the latin botanical terms "Linum" meaning flax, and "oleum" meaning oil. It is composed of oxidized linseed oil or other resins mixed with ground cork or wood flour, mineral filler, and color pigments

Solid surface

a man-made material usually composed of marble dust, bauxite, acrylic or polyester resins and pigments.

Corian

first brand of solid surface

Stone

it is one of the basic building materials of man.

Sedimentary

rocks that are formed by the deposition of sediments

Metamorphic

rocks that have undergone a change in structure, texture, or composition. Changes that have been brought about by natural agencies such as heat and pressure making the rock harder and more crystalline

Igneous

rocks that are formed by the crystallization of molten magma

Fieldstone

these are loose, unfinished stones found on the surface or in the soil. It is an architectural stone used in its natural shape and can be applied to sone recovered from the topsoil or subsoil

Rubble stone

consists of quarried stone of carious shapes and sizes, but having irregular mortar joints

Dimension stone

these are quarried and squared stones, cut into specific sizes, squared to dimensions, and of specific thickness

Granite

a hard, durable, low maintenance stone. It is a grainy igneous rock (formed by volcanic action) that imparts a visual strength

Marble

has been preferred material for the overlaying of interior walls as veneer and for flooring from the very earliest. It is any stone consisting of crystalline and compact varieties of carbonate of lime, or sometimes a carbonate of magnesia, and such color and texture as to permit a high polish.

Carrara Marble

it is a type of white or blue-grey marble. It is of high quality and very popular for use in sculpture and building decor. It has a linear veining that is smaller and finer as compared to Calacatta marble

Calacatta Marble

whiter than Carrara marble. It has bolder and more dramatic veining as compared to Carrara, and is rarer.

Limestone

It is a sedimentary rock chiefly formed by the accumulation of organic remains such as shells and corals. The color range of limestone is limited to a neutral palette of buff and gray

Slate

a fine-grained homogenous metamorphic rock which through metamorphism is derived from an original shale-type sedimentary rock composed of clay or volcanic ash. Historically used for roofing

Travertine

it is a sedimentary rock; a natural precipitate of carbonate minerals, typically aragonite, which is deposited from the water of mineral springs, especially hot springs, or streams saturated with calcium carbonate.

Sandstone

it is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-size mineral rock grains. In a similar way to sand, it varies in color, through gray, yellow, red and white.

Onyx

is a cryptocrystalline form of Quartz, meaning it is a unique rock texture made up of crystals from the second most abundant mineral in the Earth's continental crust.

Quartz

it is an abundant mineral in the Earth's continental crust. As a crystal, its luster is glossy to vitreous, but other forms may be waxy to dull. It comes in transparent, translucent, and opaque forms

Engineered stone

a composite material made of crushed stone bound together by a polymer resin

Quartz Stone Surface

composite made up of 93% quartz, 7% polyester resin and pigment. it is non-porous, its polished surfaces don't need to be sealed, like granite or other natural stones, in order to keep them from staining; PRACTICALLY INDESTRUCTABLE AND MAINTENANCE FREE. it resists stains, is hygienic and does not harbor bacteria.

Sintered Stone

This is basically a new material, brought about by the fact that technological advancements has made it possible to mimic the process of creating natural stones.

Terrazzo

derived from the Italian word "terrassa" meaning terrace. Venetian stone cutters commonly used marble scraps are used as floor surfaces for their patio terraces.

Sardonyx

Reddish brown type of onyx with white and lighter reddish bands

Rubber Flooring

Flooring type composed of natural rubber, synthetic rubber (styrene butadiene) or both in combination with mineral filler and pigments. Durable, slip resistant, and resilient. However, methods of manufacture may cause recycled rubber to emit indoor pollutants.

Vinyl

A durable plastic product primarily used for protective surfaces

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

the most important and most expensive ingredient in vinyl flooring. It gives flooring its wear resistance and durability

Plasticizers

it increases flexibility of vinyl floorings so that the flooring can be rolled without cracking or breaking

Stabilizers

provides color permanence and stabilize the pigments against heat and light deterioration of a vinyl flooring

Fillers (vinyl flooring)

are sometimes added to supplement the build and thickness of vinyl flooring

Sheet vinyl

a type of flooring material where it allows a continuous surface to be formed. Because such flooring has fewer joints, it is popular for application where spills, dirtsor bacterial growth is of concern (example, in hospitals)

Vinyl tile

lower installation costs and easier replacement of damage flooring than the Sheet vinyl

Vinyl Composition Tile (VCT)

the most popular and economical type of resilient flooring. The tiles are composed mostly of fillers with comparatively small amounts of binder and pigments. It is more brittle than vinyl sheet flooring

Solid Wood

a term most commonly used to distinguish between ordinary lumber and engineered wood, but it also refers to structures that do not have hollow spaces.

Planks

The widest of these types, is about 75 mm to 250mm (3" to 10") wide. Varieties of widths are usually combined in wood plank floors and are effective when a rustic look is preferred

Wood Strip Flooring

the most popular choice among solid woods; about 40mm-60mm wide (1 1/2"- 2 1/2")

parquet flooring

consists of small lengths of wood strips, either individual slats or preconfigured into tiles that are arranged to form patterns

Block flooring

composed of wood units preassembled at the mill; usually installed with a sealant, adhesive or protective coating.

Unit block

made by joining short lengths of strip flooring edgewise

Slat block

made by assembling narrow slats into larger units

Wood veneer

refers to thin slices of wood, usually thinner than 3mm obtained either by "peeling" the trunk of a tree or by slicing large rectangular blocks of wood that typically are glued onto core panels (typically, wood, particle board or medium-density fiberboard) to produce flat panels such as doors, tops and panels for cabinets, parquet floors and parts of furniture

Bookmatching

Wherein alternating pieces of veneer are flipped over so they face each other as do the pages within a book. This creates a pleasing, symmetrical pattern.

Slipmatching

Veneer pieces are joined in sequence without flipping the pattern. If the grain is straight, the joints will not be obvious.

Random match

Individual leaves are random matched for effect. Knotty veneers are often laid this way. This is done to disperse characteristics such as clusters of knots more evenly across the sheet.

Diamond match

Leaves of veneer are oriented at an angle in a mirror image that forms a concentric diamond pattern.

Engineered wood

a range of derivative wood products which are manufactured by binding together wood strands, particles, fibers or veneers with adhesives to form composite materials. Sometimes referred to as composite wood or manufactured wood products.