Unit 10

Indo-Europeans

Origin of Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin languages

Found out in 1800

Sanskirt

Indian Classical language

Proto-Indo-European

P.I.E. → Language reconstructed by scholars

Educated guess as to what Indo-European language looked like

Earliest speakers of Indo-European language

Sometimes called Indo-Germans or Aryans

English and German

Germanic Family

Gaelic

Celtic family

French and Spanish

Latin/Romance Languages

Ukraine

First theory as to where Indo-Europeans originated

Anatolia

Second theory where Indo-Europeans originated

Located on the Asian part of modern Turkey

Supported by phylogeny

Mammalia

mamma means breast, mammals produce milk with breasts for their young

This is why mammals are called this

Rodentia

Means gnawing animals which are rodents which have gnawing teeth that never stop growing

Corrodes

Etymologically this menas something that intensely gnaws at something

Erodes

Etymologically this means something that gnaws things out

Chiroptera

These are bats and the word means hand-wings because their wings are supported on their “hands”

Cetacea

These are whales, and their name comes from Greek cetus, whale and taxonomic ending -acea

Carnivora

This means meat-eating

Monotremata

These are creatures with “one hole” for the passing of sperm or eggs, feces, and urine

Marsupalia

These are animals with a marsupium, that is a “purse” where they take care of their young

Eutheria

These are true beasts, that is, ordinary mammals

Lagomorpha

This means rabbit-formed

Artiodactyla

These are animals with even number of toes

Perissodactyla

These are animals with off numbers of toes

Dermoptera

These are, etymologically, “skin wings”

Vermilingua

“worm tongues”

Word order and function words

What does English inherit from old English

Latin and Greek

Where do English content words come from?

1,400 years ago

How old is the earliest written records of Old English?

3,500 years old

How old is the earliest written records in any indo-european language?

Cognates

Words that are similar and have a common ancestor

what is one in german

ein

what is two in german

fuenf

what is three in german

drei

what is five in german

zwei

what is four in german

vier

what is seven in german

sieben

what is nine in german

neun

what is ten in german

zehn

what is six in german

sechs

what is eight in german

acht

Brother

what is german bruder in English

sister

what is the german word schwester in english

son

what is the german word sohn in english

daughter

what is the german word tochter in english

father

what is the german word vater in english

mother

what is the german word mutter in english

brother

what is the latin word frater in english

sister

what is the latin word soror in englishs

son

what is the latin word filius in english

father

what is the latin word pater in english

mother

what is the latin word mater in english

It is a guess

Why is there an asterisks next to indo-european words?

Persia and India

Language east of Indo-europeans

Germanic, Celtic, Ancient Greek, and Latin

Language west of Indo-Europeans

Germanic branch

which branch does english belong to?

borrowing

this is when a word if taken directly from another language

Norman French

Where is a lot of our words for cooked meat from?

savant

older scholar

amateur

one who plays for the love of the activity

chef

head cook

protégé

a young man who is assisted in his career by an influential person

Fiancée

an engaged woman

raconteur

storyteller

protégée

a woman guided and helped by an older person

fiancé

an engaged man

emigré

exile

divorcée

a woman formerly married

adriot

skillful

encore

repeat performance

ennui

boredom

fair accompli

accomplished fact

faux pas

social blunder

gauche

lacking social grace

matinee

afternoon performance

menage

household

menagerie

zoo

tour de force

clever performancd

allegro

in fast tempo

alto

lowest singing voice

andante

in moderate tempo

crescendo

increasing in volume

diminuendo

decreasing in volume

forte

loud

largo

in a stately manner

piano

soft

pianoforte

musical instrument with keyboard

soprano

highest singing voice

mustang

a type of horse

alligator

resembles a crocodile

mosquito

the fly that sucks blood

canyon

land feature like the Grand Canyon

Cigar

tobacco things

loco

crazy

bonanza

prosperity

rodeo

where people compete in things like calf roping

savvy

to know something very well

poncho

thing worn when it is raining

Kayak

word for a boat eskimos frequently use

Skunk

stinking animal named by Abnaki Indians

Igloo

Winter shelter Eskimos built

Blitzkrieg

Motorized attack by Germans in Second WW

Wigwam

Algoquin Indians lived in domed shelters called