Studied by 4 people
Thermoreceptors
respond to heat and cold
Photoreceptors
respond to light
what do nociceptors do
respond to injury and threatening damage
What does the activation of nociceptors do
produce the sensation of pain
Chemoreceptors
Respond to chemicals
Give an example of the type of chemical chemoreceptors would respond to
odors, tastes, bodliy fluid composition
Mechanoreceptors
respond to physical deformations
Example of Mechanoreceptors
vibration, touch, pressure, stretch, tension
What organs are included with Mechanoreceptors
hearing and balance organs
What does a Exteroceptor do
sense stimuli to external body
What effects are included with exteroceptors?
5 senses and cutaneous sensations
What do Interoceptors do
Detect internal stimuli
What are some examples of internal stimuli for interoceptors
stretch, pressure, visceral pain, nausea
what do propioceptors do
sense body position and movement
Examples of body parts involved with propioceptors
mucles, tendons, joints
what do general receptors classify as
somatosensory and somesthetic senses
where do you find general receptors and what is their function
skin, muscles, tendons, joint, and viscera
blood composition
What structures are invloved with Special senses
vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste, and smell
Where are special senses
the head, cranial nerves, and complex sense organs
what is the rear of the eye called
The Fundus
What is the Macula Lutea
3 mm patch of cells posterior to lens along visual axis
What is the fovea Centralis
pit in the center of the macua lutea; produces the most finely detailed images
What is Cataracts
clouding of the lense due to the proteins in the eye aren’t working properly so they create a foggy lens opposed to the proper clear one
What can be causes of Cataracts
smoking, UV rays, virusus, ebols ect
What is Glaucoma
The intraocular pressure stops doing its job. The “jelly” turns thicker damaging the retina, making it center vision focused (cant see the sides)
Definition of Vision
perception of objects in the environment by means of light they emit or reflect
What is normal Human Vision specturm
wavelenths 400-700nm
what needs to happen from light in order to produce a nerve signal
there must be a photchemical reaction in your eye
<400 nm; has too much energy and destroys macromolecules
Ultraviolet radiation (UV)
>700 nm: too little energy to cause photochemical reaction, but does warm the tissues
Infrared (IR) Radiation
Lacriminal gland function
produce a lot of oils. secrets tears.
describe the flow of tears
lacriminal ducts —> through the eye —> out of eye and into lacriminal sac
what muscles move the eye up, down, medially, and laterally
superior, inferior, medial , and lateral rectus muscles
what moves the eye towards or away from the nose, and also produce slight elevations and depressions of the eye
superior, and inferior obliques
What is the Cornea
transparent window allowing light into the eye
What is the Aqueous humor
serous fluid secreted by ciliary body into posterior chamber between iris and lens
what makes up the lens
flattened and compressed lens fibers
what hold the lens in place
suspended by suspensory ligament from ciliary body
What changes the shape of lens and why
the pull of a ligament and to focus light
what is also known as the “stop signal” for the eye
the choroid
what does the choroid do
it is the most pigmented layer of the eye and it absorbs the spare light
what is nerural convergence
multiple nerves are coming into one input
what are the 3 photoreceptor cells
rods, cones, and ganglion cells
what makes rods and cones different from ganglion cells ?
They are the only ones that produce visual images
What are Bipolar cells and what do they do
synapse with rods and cones, serve as first order nerurons that carry signal to ganglion cells
what are Ganglion Cells
second order nerurons of visual pathway, the axons form the optic nerve
what cells is linked to the circadium rythym
ganglion cells they make you sleep when its dark
what is the pigment that cones have
photopsin
why can we see our full range of light?
because each cone absorbs different wavelengths of light
color blindness is most likely due to what
a problem in their cones
associated with night and vision
rods
associated with day and color vision
cones
Dorsal Stream
Rod and peripheral vision
Analysis of motion
Spatial relationships “where is it”
qualities of Ventral Stream
Color (cone) vision, Visual memory, Object recognition
explain why eyes are hemi
some of the optic nerve is found in the opposite side of your brain
Circutry of retina
little to no detail
Circutry of cones
higher detail and fewers iput of cones per nerve
What is color blindness
heredity alteration or lack of one photosphin
what is the common type of color blindness
red-green
what causes red-green color blindness
lack of wither L or M cones, sex- linked recessive trait
what does the tarsal plate do?
glands sit here that secrete oils and help keep eye moist
what is the pink spot on your eye called
Lacriminal carcunle
sclera
white part of your eye
what is the choroid layer
pigmented, dark layer
what is the macula lutea made of
specialized tissue components
what is the fovea centralis
component directly in the back of your eye
optic disc
where your optic nerve binds to your retina
what is optic nerve
the artery and vein association of your eye
ciliary body
hold ligaments and helps with iris movement
iris
colored part of your eye
cornea
the outer part of your eye
pupil
a hole that lets light in
purpose olens
protect nervous component in eyes
what does the anterior chamber do
holds fluid right under cornea
what are the 6 major muscles of the eye
1) lateral rectus
2) medial rectus
3) superior rectus
4)inferior rectus
5)superior oblique
6)interior oblique
what is Conductive deafness
problems with transmissions of vibrations to inner ear
what are the 2 main types of hearing loss (deafness)
1) conductive deafness
2) sensorinerual deafness
what is sensorineural deafness
death of hair cells or any nervous system elements concerned with hearing
what is static equilibrium
head is tilted, heavy otolithic membrane sags, bending the stereocilia and stimulating the hair cells
What is dynamic equilibrium in terms of the otoiths
linear acceleration detected as otoiths lag behind, bending the stereocilia and stimulating the hair cells
what is the
Hair cell composition
long sterocilia on apical surface
what is the epithelium on the spiral organ composed of
hair cells, and supporting cells
what is tectorial membrane and where is it
its gelatinous and it rests on top of sterocilia
how many rows of hair cells does the spiral organ have
4
qualities of Inner hair cells (IHC)
single row of about 3500 cells, sensory cells of hearing, bind to nerve cells
Outer hair cells
3 rows of about 20000 cells and they increase precison
auditory tube difference in adults vs kids
at age 2-4 there is a change from horizontal to vertical
what is earwax composed of
dead skin cells and sebacous gland secretions
what is the purpose of earwax
to trap microbes, waterproof canal, and keep eardrum pliable
what is Referred pain
pain in the viscera often perceived as originating from superficial site
what results from Reffered pain
convergence of nerual pathways CNS
What is am example of Reffered Pain:
heart pain felt in shoulder or arm
What are the 3 origns of pain in nociceptive pain
Visceral, Deep somatic, and superficial somatic pain
Visceral Pain
arises from internal organs, hard to locate,
What causes visceral pain
stretch, chemical irritation, ischemia
What sensations does visceral pain have
squeezing, cramping, and nausea
where is Deep somatic pain
bones, joints, and muscles
Example of deep somatic pain
arthritis, sprains, and bone fractures
where does Superficial somatic pain come from
arises from the skin
Examples of superficial somatic pain
cuts, burns, insect stings
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Flashcard (85)