Anatomy Lecture 2 Exam

All Lecture 2 exam conte

Thermoreceptors

respond to heat and cold

Photoreceptors

respond to light

what do nociceptors do

respond to injury and threatening damage

What does the activation of nociceptors do

produce the sensation of pain

Chemoreceptors

Respond to chemicals

Give an example of the type of chemical chemoreceptors would respond to

odors, tastes, bodliy fluid composition

Mechanoreceptors

respond to physical deformations

Example of Mechanoreceptors

vibration, touch, pressure, stretch, tension

What organs are included with Mechanoreceptors

hearing and balance organs

What does a Exteroceptor do

sense stimuli to external body

What effects are included with exteroceptors?

5 senses and cutaneous sensations

What do Interoceptors do

Detect internal stimuli

What are some examples of internal stimuli for interoceptors

stretch, pressure, visceral pain, nausea

what do propioceptors do

sense body position and movement

Examples of body parts involved with propioceptors

mucles, tendons, joints

what do general receptors classify as

somatosensory and somesthetic senses

where do you find general receptors and what is their function

skin, muscles, tendons, joint, and viscera

blood composition

What structures are invloved with Special senses

vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste, and smell

Where are special senses

the head, cranial nerves, and complex sense organs

what is the rear of the eye called

The Fundus

What is the Macula Lutea

3 mm patch of cells posterior to lens along visual axis

What is the fovea Centralis

pit in the center of the macua lutea; produces the most finely detailed images

What is Cataracts

clouding of the lense due to the proteins in the eye aren’t working properly so they create a foggy lens opposed to the proper clear one

What can be causes of Cataracts

smoking, UV rays, virusus, ebols ect

What is Glaucoma

The intraocular pressure stops doing its job. The “jelly” turns thicker damaging the retina, making it center vision focused (cant see the sides)

Definition of Vision

perception of objects in the environment by means of light they emit or reflect

What is normal Human Vision specturm

wavelenths 400-700nm

what needs to happen from light in order to produce a nerve signal

there must be a photchemical reaction in your eye

<400 nm; has too much energy and destroys macromolecules

Ultraviolet radiation (UV)

>700 nm: too little energy to cause photochemical reaction, but does warm the tissues

Infrared (IR) Radiation

Lacriminal gland function

produce a lot of oils. secrets tears.

describe the flow of tears

lacriminal ducts —> through the eye —> out of eye and into lacriminal sac

what muscles move the eye up, down, medially, and laterally

superior, inferior, medial , and lateral rectus muscles

what moves the eye towards or away from the nose, and also produce slight elevations and depressions of the eye

superior, and inferior obliques

What is the Cornea

transparent window allowing light into the eye

What is the Aqueous humor

serous fluid secreted by ciliary body into posterior chamber between iris and lens

what makes up the lens

flattened and compressed lens fibers

what hold the lens in place

suspended by suspensory ligament from ciliary body

What changes the shape of lens and why

the pull of a ligament and to focus light

what is also known as the “stop signal” for the eye

the choroid

what does the choroid do

it is the most pigmented layer of the eye and it absorbs the spare light

what is nerural convergence

multiple nerves are coming into one input

what are the 3 photoreceptor cells

rods, cones, and ganglion cells

what makes rods and cones different from ganglion cells ?

They are the only ones that produce visual images

What are Bipolar cells and what do they do

synapse with rods and cones, serve as first order nerurons that carry signal to ganglion cells

what are Ganglion Cells

second order nerurons of visual pathway, the axons form the optic nerve

what cells is linked to the circadium rythym

ganglion cells they make you sleep when its dark

what is the pigment that cones have

photopsin

why can we see our full range of light?

because each cone absorbs different wavelengths of light

color blindness is most likely due to what

a problem in their cones

associated with night and vision

rods

associated with day and color vision

cones

Dorsal Stream

Rod and peripheral vision

Analysis of motion

Spatial relationships “where is it”

qualities of Ventral Stream

Color (cone) vision, Visual memory, Object recognition

explain why eyes are hemi

some of the optic nerve is found in the opposite side of your brain

Circutry of retina

little to no detail

Circutry of cones

higher detail and fewers iput of cones per nerve

What is color blindness

heredity alteration or lack of one photosphin

what is the common type of color blindness

red-green

what causes red-green color blindness

lack of wither L or M cones, sex- linked recessive trait

what does the tarsal plate do?

glands sit here that secrete oils and help keep eye moist

what is the pink spot on your eye called

Lacriminal carcunle

sclera

white part of your eye

what is the choroid layer

pigmented, dark layer

what is the macula lutea made of

specialized tissue components

what is the fovea centralis

component directly in the back of your eye

optic disc

where your optic nerve binds to your retina

what is optic nerve

the artery and vein association of your eye

ciliary body

hold ligaments and helps with iris movement

iris

colored part of your eye

cornea

the outer part of your eye

pupil

a hole that lets light in

purpose olens

protect nervous component in eyes

what does the anterior chamber do

holds fluid right under cornea

what are the 6 major muscles of the eye

1) lateral rectus

2) medial rectus

3) superior rectus

4)inferior rectus

5)superior oblique

6)interior oblique

what is Conductive deafness

problems with transmissions of vibrations to inner ear

what are the 2 main types of hearing loss (deafness)

1) conductive deafness

2) sensorinerual deafness

what is sensorineural deafness

death of hair cells or any nervous system elements concerned with hearing

what is static equilibrium

head is tilted, heavy otolithic membrane sags, bending the stereocilia and stimulating the hair cells

What is dynamic equilibrium in terms of the otoiths

linear acceleration detected as otoiths lag behind, bending the stereocilia and stimulating the hair cells

what is the

Hair cell composition

long sterocilia on apical surface

what is the epithelium on the spiral organ composed of

hair cells, and supporting cells

what is tectorial membrane and where is it

its gelatinous and it rests on top of sterocilia

how many rows of hair cells does the spiral organ have

4

qualities of Inner hair cells (IHC)

single row of about 3500 cells, sensory cells of hearing, bind to nerve cells

Outer hair cells

3 rows of about 20000 cells and they increase precison

auditory tube difference in adults vs kids

at age 2-4 there is a change from horizontal to vertical

what is earwax composed of

dead skin cells and sebacous gland secretions

what is the purpose of earwax

to trap microbes, waterproof canal, and keep eardrum pliable

what is Referred pain

pain in the viscera often perceived as originating from superficial site

what results from Reffered pain

convergence of nerual pathways CNS

What is am example of Reffered Pain:

heart pain felt in shoulder or arm

What are the 3 origns of pain in nociceptive pain

Visceral, Deep somatic, and superficial somatic pain

Visceral Pain

arises from internal organs, hard to locate,

What causes visceral pain

stretch, chemical irritation, ischemia

What sensations does visceral pain have

squeezing, cramping, and nausea

where is Deep somatic pain

bones, joints, and muscles

Example of deep somatic pain

arthritis, sprains, and bone fractures

where does Superficial somatic pain come from

arises from the skin

Examples of superficial somatic pain

cuts, burns, insect stings