Asher Coffman Chapter 2 Cytology

What does cytology mean?

Study of cells

What is the cell theory?

Theory that says that the cell is the smallest unit of life that can maintain and perpetuate itself, all living things are made of cells, and all cells come from preexisting cells.

Who are the three scientists that came up with the cell theory?

Matthias Schleiden, Theodore Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow

How are the cells limited in size?

As radius increases, surface area is squared but volume is cubed, and so nutrients eventually aren’t able to come in fast enough.

What does pro- mean?

Before

What does karyo- mean?

nucleus

What are fimbriae?

Attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes

What is the nucleoid?

Region where a prokaryote’s DNA is located

What does -oid mean?

resemble

What does eu- mean?

True

How big are animal cells compared to prokaryotic cells?

around 10x bigger

What is the cell membrane?

Semipermeable membrane that encloses the cell

What does the cell membrane act as?

separation between the two fluid compartments

What does semi-permeable mean?

Some things can come through but others cant

Describe the phospholipid bilayer

There are phospholipids with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails that line up to form a boundary

What does philia mean?

like or love

What does phobic mean?

dislike or fear

What are microvilli?

Projections that increase cellular surface area

What is the cytoplasm made up of?

It is a fluid made of mostly water that contains the cytoskeleton and all the internal organelles.

What happens when too much waste product accumulates in the cell?

The cell becomes toxic

What does all living things need to be surrounded by?

A fluid of some sort

What is the purpose of the phospholipid bilayer?

To separate the two fluid compartments

What are embedded proteins?

They are proteins on the surface of the cell that are unique to the cell and have different functions.

What are ion channels?

Channels for ions to travel through, specific for different ions, can open and close.

What are transporter or carrier proteins?

Specific for sugars or amino acids, may use atp to move molecules across the membrane

What are enzymes?

Catalyze chemical reactions

What are receptor sites?

Receive signals like hormones, neurotransmitters, and drugs, and changes the cell activity as a result

What are recognition sites?

These sites serve as a signal that these cells are not foreign so the immune system won’t attack them

What are side effects?

They are effects of drugs that result from receptor sites that weren’t intended to be affected are affected by a medication.

What are two immunosuppressant drugs?

Corticosteroids and Predisome

What is thalidomide?

A medication to combat morning sickness in pregnant women

What was the side effect of thalidomide?

It resulted in malformations in infants, specifically less developed arms and legs

What is the nucleus?

Center of the cell, contains DNA and nucleolus

What is the nucleolus?

stores RNA and manufactures ribosomes

What are chromatin?

freefloating DNA in the nucleus

What are chromosomes?

coiled up DNA for cellular division

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum/ER?

network of tubular canals that connects the nuclear membrane with the cell membrane

What is the function of the ER?

transports molecules and metabolizes fats

What is the function of the Smooth ER?

contains enzymes used for lipid and steroid metaolism

What is the function of the Rough ER?

functions as a circulatory system

What are ribosomes?

composed of RNA, synthesize proteins

What is the golgi complex?

stack of membranous saccules

What is the function of the golgi complex?

stores modifies and packages chemical substances formed in ER

What are vacuoles?

storage containers

What are vesicles?

smaller storage containers

What are lysosomes?

saccules that contain hydrolytic or digestive endymes

What do lysosomes contain?

hydrolytic/digestive enzymes

Where are lysosomes made?

from the saccules of the Golgi complex

What is autolysis?

programmed cell death

What are mitochondria

The powerhouse of the cell where ATP is generated

What is cellular respiration?

Glucose+oxygen=carbon dioxide and water and 38 ATP

What are centrioles?

Rings or cylinders involved in cell division

Where do you find centrioles?

Near the nucleus

What are the two organelles for motion?

Flagella and Cilia

What is the flagella?

A long tail

What are cilia?

Short, fine hairs

Where are the two common places that cilia is found?

in the airway of the lungs and in the fallopian tubes

What is Interphase?

Periods where the cell is preparing for mitotic phases of the cell cycle

What is the G1 phase of interphase?

active protein synthesis and formation of cytoplasmic organelles

What is the S phase of interphase?

DNA synthesis phase where DNA is replicated to prepare for cell division

What is the G2 phase of interphase?

formation of mitotic structures

What are the four steps in the mitotic phase

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

What is prophase?

cell prepares to divide, DNA coils up, mitotic apparatus forms

What is metaphase?

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

What is anaphase?

chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell in karyokinesis

What is telophase?

cytokinesis, cell returns to interphase appearance

What is cytokinesis?

Cell constricts into two cells

How often do skin cells, blood cells, and cells lining the alimentary canal divide?

continuously

What is the alimentary canal?

the canal from your mouth all the way through your digestive system

How often do liver and kidney cells divide?

divide as needed

How often do muscle and nerve cells divide?

never

What does amniotic mean?

Cannot divide

What are the two types of abnormal cell division?

Hyperplasmia and neoplasm

What is hyperplasia?

an increase in the number of cells

What is a neoplasm?

a tumor

What are malignant tumors known as?

cancers

What is the end result of meiosis?

haploid sex cells called gametes

Where does meiosis occur?

in reproductive organs, or gonads

What does karyokinesis mean?

When the chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell

What does soma mean?

body

What is a karyotype?

A diagram of a person’s chromosomes in homologous pairs