Latin II Honors Berry - History and Culture

Venus

goddess of love and beauty

Mars

god of war

Apollo

god of archery, sun, music

Jupiter

King of the gods, sky

Vesta

Goddess of the hearth, Vestal Virgins

Perseus

the son of Zeus who slew Medusa and rescued Andromeda from a sea monster

Theseus

killed the Minotaur in the labyrinth

Hercules

had the twelve labors, Zeus's son

Jason

leader of the Argonauts, captured the golden fleece

Paris

Prince of Troy, abducted Helen

Helen

Wife of Menelaus, Queen of Sparta, abducted by Paris

Menelaus

Husband of Helen, King of Sparta, brother of Agamemnon

Agamemnon

Menelaus brother, leader of the Greek Army

Achilles

invincible besides his heel, killed by Paris

Hector

kills Patroclus, killed by Achilles, prince of troy, Paris's brother

Odysseus

King of Ithica, creater of the Trojan Horse

753 BC

Founding of Rome

509 BC

Roman Republic is created, no more kings

Consul

An elected official (2) who led the Roman Republic, 1 year terms

cursus honorum

the politicl ladder in roman government

Romulus and Remus

created rome, the first kings

Tarquinius Superbus

was the last king of Rome, raped lucrtia

Horatius Cocles

Roman hero who fought against many enemy soldiers at the Sublican Bridge risking his own life for the Romans.

Cloelia

led host of hostages out of Etruscan camp safely back to Rome

Battle of Zama

the battle in 202 BC in which Scipio decisively defeated Hannibal at the end of the second Punic War

Hannibal

Carthaginian military commander who, in the Second Punic War, attempted a surprise attack on Rome, crossing the Alps with a large group of soldiers, horses, and elephants.

Populares

Roman politicians supporting the common people

Optimates

Roman politicians supporting the elite and the Senate

Gracchi Brothers

the brothers who tried to pass reforms in the Roman senate; they were killed instead

Gaius Marius

Roman Consul, populares, reformed the military by offering land as spoils,

Lucius Cornelius Sulla

Roman consul, optimates, he battled Gaius Marius in a civil war

Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus

part of the first triumvirate, lost in a civil war to Ceasar

Battle of Pharsalus

48 BC, battle when Caesar defeated pompey

Liberators

Senators who assassinated Caesar

Marcus Antonius

co-consul with Caesar at that time, quickly used his authority to gain possession of Caesar's will and all of his assets

Marcus Lepidus

Member of second triumvirate, master of the cavalry

Marcus Tullius Cicero

A Roman orator, lawyer, and politician, opposed Marc Antony, supported Octavian

Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus

Ceasar's grandnephew, part of second triumvirate

Philippi

place where brutus and cassius battled against the second triumvirate

Treaty of Brundisium

Antony married Octvia, Octavion's sister, to ease political tensions

Ceasarion

son of caesar and cleopatra

Actium

the naval battle where Octavian crushed Antony and Cleopatra and took over the Roman empire

43 BC

the year Antony became leader of Gaul, the second triumvirate form

42 BC

Battle of Philippi

31 BC

Battle of Actium - Octavian defeats Antony

27 BC

senate gave Octavion the cognomen, Augustus

Augustus

revered or venerable

Imperator

military title (from which we get emperor)

princeps

first citizen

Publius Vergilius Maro (Vergil)

wrote the Aeneid, patron was Gaius Cilnius Maecenas

Gaius Clinius Maecenas

patron of Vergil, Horace, Ovid, and Livy

Quintius Horatius Flaccus

wrote the "Odes" and the "Boor"

Publius Ovidius Naso (Ovid)

Wrote Metamorphoses

Titus Livius Patavinus

wrote "Ad Urbe Condita"

Pax Romana

Time of peace in Rome

Battle of Tutenburg Forest

worst defeat in roman history, Augustus was defeated by germanic tribes