[01.16] General Concepts in Microbiology 1

Robert Hooke

Who discovered "cells" and introduced the Cell Theory?

"Animalcules"

What term did Leeuwenhoek use to describe microorganisms he saw?

Swan neck flask experiment

What experiment disproved spontaneous generation?

Pasteurization

What process kills microbes in liquids while preserving flavor?

Carbolic acid

What chemical did Lister use for surgical sterilization?

Germ Theory of Disease

What theory did Robert Koch establish?

1 microorganism = 1 disease

What is the central idea of Koch’s postulates?

Treponema pallidum

Which organism can't be grown in pure culture, contradicting Koch?

Penicillin production

What was Mary Hunt known for contributing to during WWII?

Agar

What culture medium innovation is attributed to Fanny Hesse?

Three

How many domains of life did Carl Woese propose?

SSU rRNA

What molecule did Carl Woese use to classify organisms phylogenetically?

LUCA (Last Universal Common Ancestor)

What term refers to the common origin of all life?

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

What are the three domains of life?

Taxonomy

What field deals with organism classification and naming?

Phylogeny

What field studies evolutionary relationships among organisms?

Nucleoid

What part of a prokaryotic cell contains its DNA?

70S

What ribosome size is found in prokaryotes?

Ester linkages

What type of bond do bacterial membranes have in their phospholipids?

Ether linkages

What type of bond is found in archaeal membranes?

Branched isoprene units

What are the hydrophobic tails in archaea made of?

Protista

What is the umbrella term for unicellular eukaryotes?

Gonyaulax spp.

Which algae cause red tide and are neurotoxic?

Candida albicans

Which dimorphic fungus infects immunocompromised patients?

Viruses

Which microbes consist of DNA or RNA and require a host to replicate?

Prions

What are infectious proteins that cause neural degeneration?

Kuru

What prion disease was spread through cannibalism in Africa?

vCJD

What human disease results from eating beef infected with mad cow disease?

30 nm

What is the approximate size of poliovirus?

Peptidoglycan

What is found in bacterial cell walls but not in eukaryotes?

Bacteroides fragilis

Which gut bacterium aids in digestion and is mutualistic?

Vitamin K

What vitamin does E. coli produce in the colon?

Clostridium botulinum

Which species produces a toxin that causes muscle paralysis?

Resident flora

What type of microbiome reestablishes itself after washing?

Transient flora

What type of flora does not reestablish after removal?

Mutualism

What type of relationship benefits both organisms?

Commensalism

What relationship benefits one organism while the other is unaffected?

Parasitism

What relationship benefits one at the expense of another?

Biofilm

What structure do bacteria form to live communally and resist antibiotics?

Quorum sensing

What process involves bacteria communicating through autoinducers?

Autoinducers

What signals regulate gene expression in quorum sensing?

Consortia

What is a community of genetically similar bacteria acting as one?

Colonization

What term describes microbe multiplication at a site?

Infection

What term describes microbial invasion that triggers a host immune response?

Escherichia coli O157:H7

Which evolved strain produces Shiga-like toxin?

MRSA

What strain of Staphylococcus aureus is resistant to Methicillin?

VRSA

What strain of Staph. aureus is resistant to Vancomycin?

Enterobacteriaceae

Which bacterial family includes E. coli, Shigella, Salmonella?

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Which prokaryote is an exception for having sterols in its membrane?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Which organelles are explained by the endosymbiosis theory?