[01.16] General Concepts in Microbiology 1

Robert Hooke

Who discovered "cells" and introduced the Cell Theory?

"Animalcules"

What term did Leeuwenhoek use to describe microorganisms he saw?

Swan neck flask experiment

What experiment disproved spontaneous generation?

Pasteurization

What process kills microbes in liquids while preserving flavor?

Carbolic acid

What chemical did Lister use for surgical sterilization?

Germ Theory of Disease

What theory did Robert Koch establish?

1 microorganism = 1 disease

What is the central idea of Koch’s postulates?

Penicillin production

What was Mary Hunt known for contributing to during WWII?

Agar

What culture medium innovation is attributed to Fanny Hesse?

Three

How many domains of life did Carl Woese propose?

LUCA (Last Universal Common Ancestor)

What term refers to the common origin of all life?

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

What are the three domains of life?

Taxonomy

What field deals with organism classification and naming?

Phylogeny

What field studies evolutionary relationships among organisms?

Nucleoid

What part of a prokaryotic cell contains its DNA?

70S

What ribosome size is found in prokaryotes?

Ester linkages

What type of bond do bacterial membranes have in their phospholipids?

Ether linkages

What type of bond is found in archaeal membranes?

Branched isoprene units

What are the hydrophobic tails in archaea made of?

Protista

What is the umbrella term for unicellular eukaryotes?

Gonyaulax spp.

Which algae cause red tide and are neurotoxic?

Candida albicans

Which dimorphic fungus infects immunocompromised patients?

Viruses

Which microbes consist of DNA or RNA and require a host to replicate?

Prions

What are infectious proteins that cause neural degeneration?

Kuru

What prion disease was spread through cannibalism in Africa?

vCJD

What human disease results from eating beef infected with mad cow disease?

30 nm

What is the approximate size of poliovirus?

Peptidoglycan

What is found in bacterial cell walls but not in eukaryotes?

Bacteroides fragilis

Which gut bacterium aids in digestion and is mutualistic?

Vitamin K

What vitamin does E. coli produce in the colon?

Clostridium botulinum

Which species produces a toxin that causes muscle paralysis?

Transient flora

What type of flora does not reestablish after removal?

Mutualism

What type of relationship benefits both organisms?

Commensalism

What relationship benefits one organism while the other is unaffected?

Parasitism

What relationship benefits one at the expense of another?

Biofilm

What structure do bacteria form to live communally and resist antibiotics?

Quorum sensing

What process involves bacteria communicating through autoinducers?

Autoinducers

What signals regulate gene expression in quorum sensing?

Colonization

What term describes microbe multiplication at a site?

Infection

What term describes microbial invasion that triggers a host immune response?

Escherichia coli O157:H7

Which evolved strain produces Shiga-like toxin?

MRSA

What strain of Staphylococcus aureus is resistant to Methicillin?

VRSA

What strain of Staph. aureus is resistant to Vancomycin?

Enterobacteriaceae

Which bacterial family includes E. coli, Shigella, Salmonella?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Which organelles are explained by the endosymbiosis theory?

Animalcules

What term did Anton van Leeuwenhoek use to describe the rod-shaped and cocci-shaped bacteria he observed?

Acetic acid

What substance do bacteria produce from alcohol, causing wine to sour, a process Louis Pasteur studied?

Carbolic acid and hand washing

Name the two primary sterilization techniques Joseph Lister implemented prior to surgery based on Pasteur's work.

Treponema pallidum

Which specific organism, mentioned as an exception to Koch's Postulates, cannot be grown in pure culture?

Molecular Koch's Postulate

Which set of postulates evolved from Koch's original criteria and its exceptions to address genetic aspects of virulence?

Penicillium chrysogenum

Which specific strain of Penicillium did Mary Hunt's team identify as having a high yield in penicillin production?

Small Subunits (SSU) of rRNA

What specific common molecule did Carl Woese theorize ties all living things together, forming the basis of his phylogenetic classification?

Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae

Which two specific bacterial species are given as examples that can cause pneumonia, illustrating an exception to Koch's Postulates?

Proteobacteria

Which phylogenetic lineage of bacteria includes pathogenic examples like E. coli, Shigella, and Salmonella?

Halophiles, Methanobacteria, Thermococcus, Thermoproteus

Name four types of Archaea known for living in extreme environments.

Mycoplasma (M. pneumonia)

What is the specific exception among prokaryotes that possesses sterols in its plasma membrane, similar to eukaryotes?

Lipid monolayer; L-glycerol; branched isoprene units; ether linkages

List two key differences in the plasma membrane composition of Archaea compared to Bacteria, related to their lipid bilayer structure or chemical bonds.

Gonyaulax spp.

Which specific dinoflagellate causes neurotoxic red tide algal blooms upon consumption of infected shellfish?

Candida albicans

What dimorphic fungus is known to grow as whitish plaques on the tongue of immunocompromised patients?

Viroids

Which non-living microbial elements consist of single-stranded RNA but lack a capsid and are non-pathogenic to humans?

Prions

What type of infectious agent is proteinaceous, lacks RNA and DNA, and causes degenerative neural diseases like Kuru?

Poliovirus and bacterial ribosomes

Which two biological entities are noted to be almost the same size, around 25-30 nm?

Chromosomal DNA must be folded more than 1000-fold

Beyond plasmids, what structural adaptation allows the large amount of DNA to fit inside the prokaryotic membrane?

Photoheterotrophs

In prokaryotic metabolism, what term describes organisms that use light as an energy source but obtain carbon from elsewhere?

Only 1; circular; no mitotic division

List two distinct characteristics of prokaryotic chromosomes and cell division compared to eukaryotes.

70S

What is the specific size of ribosomes found in prokaryotic cells?

Competing for receptors, binding sites, and nutrients

Beyond simply stopping invasion, how do normal flora act as a first line of defense against pathogenic organisms?

Staphylococcus epidermidis

What specific commensal bacterium is given as an example of normal skin flora that contributes to the first line of defense?

Bacteroides fragilis

Which specific anaerobic bacterium, found in the colon, is mentioned as mutualistic due to its role in digestion and contribution to the smell of feces?

Vitamin K

What specific vitamin is absorbed by humans as a byproduct of Escherichia coli's metabolism in the large intestines?

Converting dietary vitamin A to its active form and enhancing IL-22 activity

Beyond general digestion, what two specific functions are attributed to Clostridium sp. in the large intestines?

Clostridium botulinum

What specific pathogenic Clostridium species produces botulinum toxin, causing muscle paralysis?

Resident flora

Which type of normal flora is fixed at a given age and will re-establish itself even after temporary removal, but can cause sickness if removed from its natural environment?

Viruses

Which type of symbiotic relationship, where only one organism benefits, is exemplified by viruses?

Glycocalyx (polysaccharide film)

What specific substance is present during the maturation phase of biofilm formation?

Consortia

What term describes prokaryotic communities where the physiologic character of each individual contributes to the survival of the whole group, acting as one organism?

The bacteria inside will continue to flourish and grow, and surviving bacteria will mutate leading to antibiotic resistance

What two negative outcomes occur if a patient stops taking antibiotics prematurely or intermittently, specifically regarding the inner bacteria of a consortia and resistance?

Autoinducers

What specific signal molecules are produced during quorum sensing to signal the population to counteract stressors and regulate genes?

Colonization

What is the term for the multiplication of an organism in a site, preceding infection?

Evolutionary changes in existing organisms and geological barriers removed

Name two main reasons why emerging infectious diseases occur.

Shigella toxin

What specific toxin, originally found in a different genus, is carried by Escherichia coli O157:H7, contributing to its pathogenicity?

Vancomycin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA)

What was the most resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus mentioned in the timeline, appearing in 2002?

G strains

Which specific strains of SARS-CoV-2 were discovered in the Philippines around June to July and noted to be more infectious with a higher R0?

Disproved spontaneous generation

What significant theory did Louis Pasteur refute using the Swan neck flask experiment?

Establishment of causation of infectious disease

What was the primary purpose of Koch's Postulates according to the text?

Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus viridans

Which two specific Streptococcus species are mentioned as forming biofilms on tooth enamel as part of the natural microbiota of the mouth?

Digestion did not occur

What crucial event did not happen when prokaryote B (aerobic heterotroph) was engulfed by prokaryote A in the Endosymbiosis Theory, leading to symbiosis?

Unbranched fatty acids

What distinguishes the hydrophobic tails of bacterial plasma membranes from those of archaea?

Cyanobacteria

What group, formerly known as blue-green algae, is explicitly stated as not being protists?

Bacteriophage

What type of virus specifically infects bacteria?

Multiple pairs of linear chromosomes (diploid)

How do the chromosomes of Eukarya differ from prokaryotes in terms of number and structure?

3:1 (microbes per human somatic cell)

According to a 2014 study, what was the ratio of microbes to human somatic cells in the human body?

Suppression of normal flora growth

What is the initial step in the pathogenesis of disease, as described?