AP HUG Unit 3 Chapter 6 Reading Quiz 1

Culture

the sum of learned behaviors, beliefs, and practices shared by a group of people, including everything from language and religion to customs, arts, and technology

Culture Trait

a single, identifiable element of a culture, which can be either a specific custom, like wearing a certain style of clothing, or a more abstract idea, such as a belief or a language

Artifact

any object made or used by humans that represents a material aspect of culture, providing clues about a society's way of life, beliefs, and history

Sociofacts

the social structures and organizations within a culture that guide and influence behavior

Mentifacts

the shared ideas, values, and beliefs that form the intangible, non-material core of a culture

Popular Culture

the set of widespread ideas, practices, and artifacts that are dominant in a society at a given time, and are widely disseminated through mass media

Traditional Culture

the long-standing customs, beliefs, and practices of small, homogeneous, often rural communities, which are passed down through generations

Cultural Norms

the shared expectations and rules that guide the behavior of a specific cultural group

Ethnocentrism

the belief that one's own culture is superior to others, leading to the evaluation of other cultures based on one's own cultural standards and values

Cultural Relativism

the principle of understanding a culture's beliefs and practices from that culture's own perspective, rather than judging it by the standards of another cultureCultur

Cultural Landscape

the visible, tangible result of human activity on the land, shaped by a society's cultural practices, beliefs, and values over time

Identity

how individuals and groups make sense of themselves and their place in the world, shaped by social, cultural, and political contexts like ethnicity, nationality, and gender

Sequent Occupance

successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, creating a cumulative cultural landscape over time

ethnicity

a shared cultural identity with a group of people based on common traits like language, religion, ancestry, and traditions

ethnic neighborhood

a geographic area within a city where a specific ethnic group resides, often formed due to immigration, and is characterized by shared cultural practices, language, and community support

Traditional Architecture

buildings that are rooted in a region's local culture and environment, using materials and techniques passed down through generations

Postmodern Architecture

a late 20th-century style that reacted against modernism by blending historical and diverse styles, incorporating ornamentation, and using playful, symbolic, or ironic designs

Pilgrimage 

a journey to a sacred place or shrine, undertaken for religious or spiritual purposes such as seeking enlightenment, fulfilling a religious obligation, or gaining spiritual merit

Religion

a cultural system of beliefs, practices, and values that relates humanity to the supernatural, influencing individual identity, social norms, and the cultural landscape

Language

a system of communication through speech, writing, or gestures that is crucial for conveying ideas and serves as a key component of cultural identity

Toponyms

the name of a place, such as a country, city, street, or natural feature

Gendered spaces

areas that are socially constructed as being associated with a specific gender, often reflecting and reinforcing societal norms and roles

gender identity

a person's internal sense of being male, female, both, or neither, which is distinct from sex assigned at birth and gender roles

safe spaces

an environment where individuals, especially those from marginalized groups, feel secure from discrimination, harassment, or judgment to express themselves freely

gentrification

the process of urban transformation where wealthier individuals move into and renovate a lower-income neighborhood, leading to rising property values and the displacement of long-term, lower-income residents

third place

a social environment separate from the two usual ones: home (first place) and work (second place)

sense of place

the emotional and cultural attachment people have to a specific location, shaped by personal experiences, memories, and the unique human and physical characteristics of that place

placemaking

the collaborative process of creating quality public spaces that reflect a community's culture, needs, and values

dialect

a regional or social variation of a language distinguished by differences in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar

adherents

a person who supports a particular religion or belief system

denominations

a distinct subgroup within a larger religious tradition that unites local congregations under a single legal and administrative body, differing in specific interpretations, practices, or governance

sect

a small group that has broken away from a larger, established religious denomination to form its own distinct beliefs or practices

centripetal force

any factor that unifies and strengthens a state by promoting social and political cohesion, leading to greater stability and a sense of shared identity

centrifugal force

a factor that divides a state or society, pushing people apart and leading to fragmentation