Anatomy Ch 1-4

name the cavities

cranial, thoracic, vertebral, abdominal, pelvic

what organs are in the thoracic cavity

heart, lungs, diaphragm (its what divides this and the abdominal)

what organs are in the abdominal cavity

stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, spleen, small intestine, large intestine, hips

what organs are in the pelvic cavity

reproductive organs

what is in the right upper abdominopelvic

liver and gallbladder

what is in the left upper abdominopelvic

spleen, stomach, pancreas

what is in the right lower abdominopelvic

appendix

what is in the left lower abdominopelvic

descending colon of the large intestine

what is systematic physiology

study of a specific region

what is systematic amatomy

study of a system

what are the six structural levels

chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

what are the six characteristics of life

movement, metabolism, reproduction, differentiation, responsiveness, growth

what is movment

muscle contracting

what is matabolism

using energy to fuel the body/to preform vital functions

what is reproduction

crating more/multiple cells/organisms

what is responsiveness

sensing change in the external or internal enviorment

what is growth

increase in size/number

what is differentiation

changes in cell structure or function

homeostasis

the process of getting the body back to and maintaining an internal balance

negative feedback loop

the body decreasing stimuli to get it back to a set point

an example of homeostasis

the body getting hot so we start to sweat

positive feedback

body responding to and increasing stimuli to get body back to set point

example of positive feedback

childbirth

serous memebrane

two layers surrounding cavities, parietal and visceral

parietal

lines the walls of the cavitiy

visceral

lines internal organ

three types of bonding

ionic, non polar covalent, polar covalent

strongest bond

non polar covalent (b/c it’s symmetrical)

weakest bond

ionic

higher than 7 on pH scale

base

lower than 7 on pH scale

acid

acid

proton donor, uses H+ ions

base

proton acceptor, uses OH- ions

pH wants to be at…

7\.35ish

alkaliosis

more than 7.35, too much CO2

acidosis

less than 7.35, too little CO2

regulates pH

homeostasis

function of carbohydrates

energy source

carbohydrates made of

CHO

function of lipids

insulation, energy storage, helps form membrane

lipids made of

CHOP

protein function

cell structure, creates amino acids, transportation

proteins made of

CHONS

nucleic acid function

genetic coding, protein synthesis

nucleic acid made of

CHONP

synthesis

puts together

synthesis is also known as

anabolism

decomposition

breaking down

decomposition is also known as

catabolism

organic molecules

doesn’t have both C and H

inorganic molecules

has both C and H

cation

positive charge

anion

negative charge

enzymes function

speeds up chemical reactions

how do enzymes work

and a lock and key method

function of cell membrane

forms a boundary between inside and outside of cell, supports cell contents, communicates between cells

nucleus function

contains genetic material

ribosomes function

produces proteins

rough er function

synthesizes (to make) proteins for export from cell

smooth er function

lipid synthesizes and detox of chemicals in cell

golgi apparatus function

collects, modifies, and packages proteins then ships them out

mitochondria function

produces ATP (energy source) through cellular respiration

lysosome function

waste removal of bacteria

peroxisomes function

breaks down fatty acids and cleans them out

proteosomes function

recyles

cilia

hairlike organelle that uses mucus to help clear out debris

cells

determine the form and functions of the human body and is the basic living unit of organisms

passive

doesn’t require energy

active

requires energy

simple diffusion

going from high to low concentration (with the concentration gradient)

facilitated diffusion

going from high to low concentration with a helper to get molecule to other side

osmosis

how water changes and move through cells

isotonic

equal water going in and out

hypertonic

too much water going out of cell

hypotonic

too much water going into cell

70% solute and 80% water outside cell, 30% solute and 70% water inside cell, where will water go

into the cell

with the concentration gradient

high to low

against the concentration gradient

low to high (it’s why it need energy)

filtration

some molecules are small enough to go through walls

types of passive membrane transport

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration

active transport

going from low to high concentration using ATP (w/o ATP the process would stop)

exocytosis

release of substances from cell through vesicles

endocytosis

taking in material through cell membrane via vesicles

types of active membrane transports

endocytosis, exocytosis, active transport

DNA

carries the code for producing proteins which make genetic coding

cytoplasm function

holds everything in place

how are proteins made

DNA - transcriptions - RNA - translation - proteins

transcription

DNA takes info to make complementary RNA (mRNA)

translation

a nucleotide sequence used to form a polypeptide chain that becomes a protein

three phases of cell cyle

interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

four parts of mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

prophase

visible chromosomes that form pairs and attach to spindle fibers

metaphase

chromosomes meet in the middle

anaphase

chromatids separate into two identical sets

telophase

two separate nuclei

four types of tissues

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

characteristics of epithelium

consists of cells, covers body surfaces and glands, one surface in contact with external environment, avascular, can regenerate

avascular

takes nutrients from surrounding area instead of blood vessels

epithelia fucntions

protects underlying surfaces, barrier, permits passage of substances, secretes and absorbs substances

simple

single layer of cells