Biology 2 Exam 4 Study Guide

Filtration

Nonselective movement of water and solutes via bulk flow (blood pressure)

Tubular reabsorption

ions, amino acids, and glucose are selective transported from the lumen of the tubule to the ECF (and ultimately picked back up by capillaries)

Tubular secretion

specific molecules are selectively moved from the ECF and intentionally placed in the tubules

Excretion

urine is released from the body into the environment from the distal end of the excretory tubule

Protonephridium

the simplest excretory system, functions to filter nitrogenous waste from hemolymph of the flatworm (flame cell)

Flame cell

Found at end of the proximal branches of the tubule network, where filtration occurs (

Metanephridium

seen in segmented worms (annelids) and adult mollusks

proximal ends of a pair of metanephridia are located in each body segment

Malpighian tubules

Utilized for excretion by arthropods (insects)

Does not use pressure for the filtration step

180 L of fluid each day

Amount of fluid the Bowman’s capsule filters

1.5 L each day

How much urine is excreted from humans (99% of the filtrate is reabsorbed)

Proximal convoluted tubule

substances of value are reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries

Collecting ducts

function to concentrate the urine

permeable to water, but not to salt ions

Spermatogenesis

production of 4 male sperm from one spermatogonium

Acrosome

specialized secretory vesicle that contains digestive enzymes to help the sperm penetrate the egg during fertilization

Oogenesis

production of 1 mature, haploid ovum (egg) from one oogonium

Oocytes remain in what phase while in the ovary?

1st meiotic prophase

Polyspermy blockade

prevents multiple sperm from combining with an ovum which could produce polyploidy-type genetic disorders

Which hormones are involved in the ovarian cycle?

GnRH, FSH, LH

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

released from hypothalamus acts on the pituitary gland to release FSH and LH

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

stimulates the development of the primary oocyte

clinically, important to monitor when close the menopause

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

a surge in levels is seen the day before ovulation

triggers the ovulation event

causes a slight increase in temperature

stimulates secretion of estrogen

Menstrual phase

Day 0-5, beginning of the follicular development of the ovary; time during which menstrual flow begins as the result of the breakdown of the thickened endometrium

Proliferative phase

(Day 5-14) endometrium begins to regrow and thicken; oocytes in both ovaries begin to develop with ovulation occurring at day 14

birth control functions to freeze you in the proliferative phase

Secretory phase

(Days 14-28) if fertilization doesn’t occur, uterine lining continues to grow for an additional 14 days (through day 28)

Morula

a ball of blastomeres (morula is derived from Latin for mulberry)

Ethology

comprehensive approach to animal behavior studies

Animal Nutrition

processes by which food is ingested, digested, and absorbed into body cells and fluids

Fluid feeder

ingest liquids containing certain organic molecules in a solution (eg., hummingbird)

Suspension feeder

ingests small organisms that are suspended in water (baleen whales)

Deposit feeder

ingest particles of organic matter from solid material in which they dwell (earthworm)

Bulk feeder

consume sizeable food items either whole or in large chunks

How many heat calories does 1 nutritional Calorie equal?

1,000

Heat calorie

the amount of energy required to raise the temp of 1g of pure water by 1 deg C

How many essential amino acids are there?

9

A, D, E and K

Fat-soluble vitamins

Vit. C, folic acid, niacin

water-soluble vitamins

Amylases

hydrolyze starch

Lipases

Hydrolyze fats and other lipids

Proteases

hydrolase proteins

Nucleases

hydrolyze nucleic acids

Intracellular digestion

used by sponges and jellys

cells take in food particles by endocytosis

Extracellular digestion

most invertebrates and all vertebrates

occurs outside body cells, in a pouch or tube enclosed within the body

Mechanical processing

chewing, grinding, tearing of food into smaller pieces in order to offer up more exposure of surfaces to enzymes

Saclike digestive system

Found in flatworms and some jellys/anemones

single opening for both mouth and anus

Gastrovascular cavity

Acts as a vascular system which uses water circulate ingested nutrients throughout the body tissues

Crop

area in digestive tract where food is stored and mixed with mucous

Gizzard

area along digestive tract where food is ground into finer particles via abrasion with sand

Intestine

area along digestive tract where organic matter is hydrolyzed by enzymes

Grasshopper (Arthropoda)

mouth -> pharynx -> esophagus -> crop -> gizzard -> gastric ceca -> intestine -> anus

Pigeon (Chordata, Avian)

mouth -> pharynx -> esophagus -> crop -> proventriculus -> sm. intestine -> gizzard -> pancreas -> intestines -> cloaca

Proventriculus

glandular portion of stomach that stores digestive enzymes and acids (in birds)

Prolactin hormone

stimulates production of milk

Proximate causes

represent an area of focus where animal behavior and neuroscience intersect

Instinctive behavior

genetically programmed, appears in complete and functional from the first use without any prior experience

Learned behavior

dependent on having a particular experience during development which changes an animal’s behavioral response

Fixed-action patterns

stereotyped behavior (performed in the exact same way over and over) that occurs in response to specific clues (type of instinctive behavior)

Imprinting

animals learn the identity of caretaker or key features of a suitable mate during a restricted stage of development (critical period) learned behavior