BIO 107: Unit 1 - Ch 5 Histology

What are cell junctions?

How do cells connect to form tissues?

What are tight junctions?

Which type of junction is:

• Very tight

• Does not allow even water through

• Interlocking web-like proteins

What is adhesion belt?

Which type of junction is:

• Very tight

• Forms a belt of interlocking membrane proteins

What are desmosomes?

Which type of junction is:

• Like a button or spot weld

• Resists stretching and twisting

• Cell to cell

What are hemidesmosomes?

Which type of junction is:

• Half button

• Resists stretching and twisting

• Cell to basement membrane

What are gap junctions?

Which type of junction is:

• Tiny fluid filled tubes

• Uses channel proteins

• Allows some movement in & out of cell

What is epithelia?

What covers internal & external surfaces?

What are glands?

What produces fluid secretions?

What are the characteristics of epithelia?

What are these characteristics of:

1. Cell junctions.

2. Polarity - apical (top) and (bottom) surfaces.

3. Attachment (basal lamina).

4. Avascular - does not receive direct blood flow.

5. Regeneration - very fast (1-2 days), stem cells are very active.

What is avascular?

What does not receive direct blood flow?

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

What are these functions of:

1. Provide physical protection - physical & chemical

2. Control permeability - controls what enters & exits the body & tissues.

3. Provide sensation - responds very well to stimuli.

4. Produce specialized secretions (glandular epithelium) - cells discharge contents.

What is simple squamous epithelium?

Which classes of epithelium is:

• Single layer.

• Flattened (diffusion, filtration).

• Cap. walls, air sacs, linings of body cavities.

What is simple cuboidal epithelium?

Which classes of epithelium is:

• Single layer.

• Cube-shaped (excretion, secretion, absorption).

• Ovaries, kidney tubules.

What is simple columnar epithelia?

Which classes of epithelium is:

• Single layer.

• Tall.

• Ciliated (transportive) lining of uterine tubes.

• Nonciliated (protection, secretion, absorption) lining of digestive tact.

What is stratified squamous epithelium?

Which classes of epithelium is:

• Numerous layers.

• Outer layer flattened (protection).

• Skin, linings of body openings.

What is stratified cuboidal epithelium?

Which classes of epithelium is:

• 2 or more layers of cube-shaped cells (absorption, protection).

• Sweat & esophageal glands, around ovum.

What is stratified columnar epithelium?

Which classes of epithelium is:

• 2 layers of tall rectangular cells (strengthen luminal walls).

• Salivary gland duct, larger ducts-sweat, pancreas.

What is transitional epithelium?

Which classes of epithelium is:

• Numerous layers of rounded cells (distension).

• Urinary bladder.

What is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

Which classes of epithelium is:

• Single layer of irregular ciliated cells, goblet cells (protection, secretion, ciliary movement)

• Linings of respiratory passage.

What is exocrine glands?

Which type of glands produce secretions onto epithelial surfaces through ducts?

What is endocrine glands?

Which type of glands release hormones into interstitial fluid, no duct?

What are merocrine secretions?

Which modes of secretion are:

• Are produced in Golgi apparatus.

• Are released by vesicles (exocytosis).

• Ex: sweat glands.

What are apocrine secretions?

Which modes of secretion are:

• Are produced in Golgi apparatus.

• Are released by shedding cytoplasm.

• Ex: mammary gland.

What are holocrine secretion?

Which modes of secretion are:

• Are released by cells bursting, killing gland cells.

• Gland cells replaced by stem cells.

• Ex sebaceous gland.

What are the functions of connective tissue?

What are these functions of:

• Never faces lumen

• Connects epithelium to the rest of the body

• Has no contact with outside environment

• Provide structural framework and to protect organs

• Store energy (fat)

• Transport fluids (blood) & dissolved materials

• Defend against microorganisms

What are fibroblasts?

Which type of connective tissue cell has:

• The most abundant cell type

• Found in all connective tissue proper

• Secrete proteins and cellular cement

What are macrophages?

Which type of connective tissue cell has:

• large cells of the immune system

• Eat pathogens and damaged cells

What are adipocytes?

Which type of connective tissue cell has:

• Each cell stores a single

• Large fat droplet

What are mesenchymal cells?

Which type of connective tissue cell has:

• Stem cells that respond to injury or inflection

What are melanocytes?

Which type of connective tissue cell has:

• Synthesize and store the brown pigment melanin

What are mast cells?

Which type of connective tissue cell has:

• Stimulate inflammation after injury or inflection

• Mast cells are carried by blood

• Release histamine and heparin

What are lymphocytes?

Which type of connective tissue cell has:

• Specialized immune cells in lymphatic which produce antibodies from plasma cells

What are microphages?

Which type of connective tissue cell has:

• Phagocytic blood cells which respond to signals from macrophages and mast cells

What are collagen fibers?

Which type of fiber has:

• Most common fibers in CTP

• Long, straight, and unbranched

• Strong and flexible

• Resists force in 1 direction

• Tendons and ligaments

What are reticular fibers?

Which type of fiber has:

• Network of interwoven fibers

• Strong and flexible

• Resists force in many directions

• Stabilizes functional cells and structures

• Sheaths around organs

What are elastic fibers?

Which type of fiber has:

• Contain elastin

• Branched and wavy

• Return to original length after stretching

• Elastic ligaments of vertebrae

What is ground substance?

What is found in connective tissue, clear, colorless, and viscous, fills spaces between cells and slows pathogens?

What is loose (areolar) tissue?

Which type of connective tissue has:

• Open framework, viscous ground substance

• Holds blood vessels and capillary beds

• Under skin (subcutaneous layer)

What is reticular tissue?

Which type of connective tissue has:

• Complex, 3-dimensional network

• Supportive fibers, support functional cells

• Reticular organs:

  • spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

What is adipose tissue?

Which type of connective tissue has:

• Contains many adipocytes (fat cells)

• Stores fat

• Absorbs shocks

• Slows heat loss (insulation)

What is dense regular connective tissue?

Which type of connective tissue has:

• Attachment and stabilization

• Tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers

  • tendons attach muscles to bones

  • ligaments connect bone to bone and stabilize organs

What is dense irregular connective tissue?

Which type of connective tissue has:

• Strength in many directions

• Interwoven networks of collagen fibers

  • layered in skin, around cartilages, around bones

  • form capsules around some organs

What is fluid connective tissue?

Which type of connective tissue has:

• Blood and lymph

• Watery matrix of dissolved proteins

• Carry specific cell types

What is hemopoietic?

What is red bone marrow connective tissue?

What is hyaline cartilage?

Which type of cartilage has:

• Translucent matrix, extremely fine collagenous fibers, no prominent fibers

• Reduces friction in joints & between bones

• Found in synovial joints & on rib tips

What is elastic cartilage?

Which type of cartilage has:

• Elastic fibers within a matrix

• Flexible support, supportive but bends easily

  • found in external ear and epiglottis

What is fibrocartilage?

Which type of cartilage has:

• Collagenous fibers within a matrix

• Resists compression, limits movement

• Prevents bone-to-bone contact

• Pads knee joints, between pubic bones and intervertebral discs

What is compact bone?

Which type of bone has:

• Harder outer bone, also osseous tissue

  • strong (calcium salt deposits)

  • resists shattering (flexible collagen fibers)

• Tree rings

What is spongy bone?

Which type of bone has:

• Inner bone, web like - trabeculae, bone marrow

What are the four types of membrane?

What are mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial?

What is mucous membrane?

Which type of membrane has:

• Line passageways that have external connections

• Also in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

What is serous membrane?

Which type of membrane has:

• Line cavities not open to the outside

• Are thin but strong

• Have fluid to reduce friction

What is cutaneous membrane?

Which type of membrane has:

• Is skin, surface of the body

• Thick, waterproof, and dry

What is synovial membrane?

Which type of membrane has:

• Line articulating (moving) joint cavities

• Produce synovial fluid (lubricant)

• Protect the ends of bones

What is fasciae?

What is the connective tissue framework?

What is superficial fascia?

Which type of fasciae is:

• Between skin & organs (subcutaneous/hypodermis), {areolar & adipose tissues}

What is deep fascia?

Which type of fasciae is:

• strong fibrous network, dense connective tissue

What is subserous fascia?

Which type of fasciae is:

• Between serous membrane & deep fascia

What is skeletal muscle?

Which type of muscle is:

• Striated, voluntary, and multinucleated

  • are long and thin, are usually called muscle fibers

What is cardiac muscle?

Which type of muscle is:

• Are striated, involuntary, heart muscle

• Form branching networks - bifurcated

• Connected at intercalated disks

• Have large round nuclei

What is smooth muscle?

Which type of muscle is:

• Nonstriated, involuntary

• Long and spindle-shaped, single nucleus

• Walls of blood vessels, digestive tact

What is neural tissue?

What is specialized for conducting electrical impulses?

What are neurons?

Which type of neural tissue are nerve cells, perform electrical communication?

What are neuroglia?

Which type of neural tissue are support cells, repair and supply nutrients to neurons, anchor neurons?

What are dendrites?

What are short branches extending from the cell body, receive incoming signals?

What is the cell body of a neuron?

What contains the nucleus and nucleolus in a neuron?

What is the nucleus of a neuron?

What is the control center of a neuron?

What is an axon?

What is the long, thin extension of the cell body, carries outgoing electrical signals to their destination?

What are synaptic terminals?

What sends message to the next cell?

What is inflammation?

What is the tissue’s first response to injury?

What are signs of inflammatory response?

The following are signs of what:

• Swelling

• Redness

• Heat

• Pain

What are the steps of inflammatory response?

What are these steps for:

1. Can be triggered by trauma and infection.

2. Damaged cells release chemical signals into the surrounding interstitial fluid.

3. As cells break down, lysosomes release enzymes that destroy the injured cell and attack surrounding tissues.

4. Necrotic tissues and cellular debris (pus) accumulate in the wound.

5. Injury stimulates mast cells to release histamine, heparin, and prostaglandins.

6. Which dilate surrounding blood vessels.

7. Dilation of blood vessels increases blood circulation in the area.

8. Phagocytic white blood cells clean up the area.

What is regeneration?

What occurs when the injury or infection is cleaned up and fibroblasts move into necrotic area lay down collagen fibers to bind the area together?